gutenberg Essay -- essays research papers

JOHANN GUTENBURG AND THE PRINTING PRESSLong ago there was a man named Johann Gutenberg. He was a very intelligent man. He created one of the greatest inventions in history. He created the printing press. You may ask yourself, what is the printing press? I will soon explain.Johann Gutenberg was born in 1399 named Genefliesch zur Laden. He changed his name to Gutenburg after the name of his wealthy fathers house. Gutenberg died in 1468 in Mainz, Germany where he was born. In the footsteps of his father, he first trained as a goldsmith in Strasburg, Germany and joined the goldsmiths guild in 1434. He moved back to Mainz and befriended Johann Fust who became his partner and provided him with money to create the printing press. The almost well known publication was the Gutenberg Bible, which showed the perfection of his invention. Later Fust sued Gutenberg for possession of the Gutenberg Bible. No other information was ever recovered from this incidence but it is assumed that Johann Gut enberg got his hand on the printing press.In Gutenbergs time, not everyone was educated. There was not enough time to hand-write hundreds or even thousands of books. So, instead of learning, people worked. In 1448, Johann Gutenberg do it possible for many people to learn. The printing press was a machine that could write many books with ink. Around this time there was a w...

Newman And The English Major :: essays research papers

Newman and The English MajorJohn Newmans ideas of education, knowledge, and intellectual fitness are well-formed and truthful. As related to my major, English, it reveals some interesting trends and practices. Although the English major isnt a real big m unmatchabley-maker, like being a lawyer or doctor, and it gener all(prenominal)y focuses on literature and creativity, the courses still concentrate on the utility of what is being evolveed. Although one can sometimes see the relationships between courses, and thereby understand them in respects to each other and draw some connection, this interaction is rarely stated explicitly in those courses.One of Newmans key ideas is that liberal knowledge (knowing how to think with versatility) is necessary for the more effective and more adaptable use of particular knowledge. A class that has allowed me to think and learn in this way was ENG 3014, Theories of Literature. I took the class twice for the purpose of raising my grade the first time with Dr. Campbell and the second time with Dr. Logan. In this class I learned various critical literary theories and how to apply them to any text, communication, or other form of expression. Although these theories are based on application, it is the application of a view process an analysis which can be adapted and imposed on whatever I choose, which I can choose at my leisure, not righteous useful in one specific situation.However, most classes only teach facts, lessons, and the direct applications for them. Even the general studies courses and survey courses are taught as thought all the knowledge taught were to be used, not knowledge to savor and help heighten the intellect or thought process. To get an Associates degree for example, one must fulfill certain requirements, such as natural science. Instead of the class being taught as a class on general knowledge, which would be insightful into the world around us, they are taught as though every student enrolled were inte rested in becoming a chemist or biologist, with not enough effort placed on stimulation of interest. The students who are not interested in pursuing the sciences further have no use for this particular information, and it is disused and forgotten. I know that there are all sorts of information that Ive been taught but are too specific to be useful to me day-to-day and so have been forgotten. The problem is that particular knowledge is useless except in one particular realm or level of discourse.

Coal and Iron and the Unification of Germany in 1871 Essay -- Blood an

Coal and Iron and the Unification of Germany in 1871 In 1862, Bismarck said that the great questions of the day will be settled by blood and iron. Although there is undoubtedly some degree of accuracy in this statement, the most important reason for the unification of Germany, which ended the great questions of the day, was coal and iron. This is a quote from British economist John Maynard Keynes, who argued that the industrial and economic preparation before the wars, which plug ind Germany, were more important. This is because the economic strength created by the rapid industrialization enabled the creation of a powerful Prussia. It was under this powerful Prussia, with some skilful diplomacy and opportunism, that Germany was successfully united in the wars of German Unification. Without such economic growth and prosperity, it is questionable whether Germany would have been united by 1871. The main reason for the unification of Germany by 1871 was coa l and iron. This includes important factors such as the presence of raw materials in Prussia, the development of the railways and the Zollverein in Germany, and the industrialisation, which took place in Prussia, particularly in the 1850s. This economic strength, stems back to the Congress of Vienna, where Prussia was given mineral rich land. It gave Prussia the coal and iron producing areas of the Rhineland, and the mineral rich Ruhr and Saar. The availability of such natural resources created an economic take off in Prussia in the 1850s. As a result, Germany became Europes largest producer of secernate industrial commodities, such as coal and iron. New mines and iron works w... ...d, stable financial environment. This enabled a strong and successful Prussia to emerge. Prussia was then able to hop on to unite Germany. This was because the strong economy permitted the establishment of a strong military force. This strong military force was then able t o go forward and unite Germany by blood and iron. This process was undoubtedly assisted by the skilful negotiation and opportunism of Bismarck. The longer-term factors the economic and industrial factors enabled the shorter-term reasons for unification to occur. Without a strong financial backdrop, Prussia would not have had such a powerful and efficient army, which was clearly important in the unification of Germany. It was iron and coal that enabled the new German Reich to be proclaimed in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles on 18th June 1871.

Omnipotence And St. Thomas Aquinas :: essays research papers

Omnipotence and St. Thomas AquinasOmnipotence literally means the ability to do all things, or to have absolutepower. This quality seems to be generally accepted as an intrinsiccharacteristic of the Judaeo-Christian immortal, as it says in Luke I. 37, "...thereis nothing that theology cannot do.". Certain objections can be raised to attributingthis characteristic to god however, in-so-far as this characteristic seems toconflict with other accepted attributes of god. In The Summa Theologica St.Thomas Aquinas addresses near of these objections, the most telling of which canbe restated as     (I) To sin is an action, however god is unable to sin. Therefore godcannot be omnipotent.     (ii) The greatest act executable of god is his practice of "sparing andhaving mercy". There are actions judged to be much greater however, such ascreating a world. Therefore god is not omnipotent.     (iii) If god is omnipoten t, then everything is possible and nothing isimpossible. If this is true however, things which are necessary (things whichcannot possibly not exist) are no longer so. This is impossible - therefore godcannot be omnipotent.Aquinas begins his rebuttals by defining what is encompassed by thecharacteristic of divine omnipotence. He explains that god is able to all thingswhich are "possible absolutely", which he defines as all things which can belogically expressed without the predicate being in conflict with the subject -i.e. god is capable of all things which do not involve a contradiction in terms.This does not imply any defect in the power of god, Aquinas goes on to say,because impossible things by definition have "no aspect of possibility",moreover, it is absurd to expect divine omnipotence to encompass the logicallyimpossible.     (I) Aquinas answers the first objection as follows. He explains that"...to sin is to fall short of perfect action hence to be able to sin is to beable to fall short in action..." which he attests is contrary to the meaning ofdivine omnipotence.     (ii) In answering the second objection Aquinas points out, "It is not

A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

Tennessee Williams is known for his powerfully written psychological dramas. Most of his works are set in the s let onhern United States and they usually portray neurotic people who are victims of their own passions, frustrations, and loneliness. The play represents the conflict between the sensitive, neurotic Blanche DuBois and the crude, animalistic Stanley Kowalski. Blanche visits the home of her sister, Stella, in New Orleans and that is when Stanley started picking at her, almost testing her. Before she had met Stanley, she told her sister of how their plantation had been lost due to the costs of paying for the funerals of many a(prenominal) family members. at that place was not enough money for her to keep the plantation. While Blanche bathed after her arrival, Stanley came home. Stella had told him what had happened and he immediately insisted that Blanche was swindling them. He hinted that Blanche had sold the plantation in order to buy pulchritudinous furs and jewelry. H e went through Blanches trunk while she bathed, Stella insisted he stop. He was looking for sale papers from the plantation. after(prenominal) Blanche was finished bathing, Stella was outside, so Stanley started questioning Blanche. She insisted that she had nothing to cross from him and let him go through all historical papers from Belle Reve, the plantation. While living with Stella and Stanley, Blanche had met a man named Mitch, who she started dating. She liked him a lot but she hid many things from him. Firstly, she hid secrets of her first lover, her husband Allan Grey. Every time she thought of him, she thought of how he killed himself and she heard the polka which played in the background. She did not want to speak of this to Mitch. After Allans death, Blanche used to go to the Tarantula Arms hotel where she would have intimacies with strangers. She did it because she felt it would fill her empty heart. She did not want to tell Mitch because she wanted him to respect her.B lanche was very thrifty to hide her looks too. She felt that she was old looking and tried to avoid bright lights from glaring down on her. She covered a light in Stellas kinfolk with a Chinese paper lamp to keep it from being so bright she hid her looks from Mitch, he never saw her in the day. Finally, one day, Stanley tried to find out many of Blanches secrets and told them to Mitch so he would not fall for her, even though he was considering marrying her.

A Streetcar Named Desire, by Tennessee Williams :: A Streetcar Named Desire Essays

Tennessee Williams is known for his powerfully written psychological dramas. Most of his works are set in the southern United States and they usu eithery impersonate neurotic people who are victims of their own passions, frustrations, and loneliness. The play represents the conflict between the sensitive, neurotic Blanche DuBois and the crude, animalistic Stanley Kowalski. Blanche visits the home of her sister, Stella, in New Orleans and that is when Stanley started picking at her, almost testing her. Before she had met Stanley, she told her sister of how their plantation had been lost due to the costs of paying for the funerals of many family members. There was non enough money for her to alimentation the plantation. While Blanche bathed after her arrival, Stanley came home. Stella had told him what had happened and he immediately insisted that Blanche was swindling them. He hinted that Blanche had sold the plantation in order to buy beautiful furs and jewelry. He went through B lanches trunk turn she bathed, Stella insisted he stop. He was spirit for sale papers from the plantation. After Blanche was finished bathing, Stella was outside, so Stanley started questioning Blanche. She insisted that she had nothing to hide from him and let him go through all historical papers from Belle Reve, the plantation. While living with Stella and Stanley, Blanche had met a man named Mitch, who she started dating. She liked him a lot but she hid many things from him. Firstly, she hid secrets of her first lover, her husband Allan Grey. Every period she thought of him, she thought of how he killed himself and she heard the polka which played in the background. She did not want to speak of this to Mitch. After Allans death, Blanche used to go to the Tarantula weapons system hotel where she would have intimacies with strangers. She did it because she felt it would fill her empty heart. She did not want to tell Mitch because she wanted him to respect her.Blanche was very c areful to hide her looks too. She felt that she was old looking and tried to avoid bright lights from glaring down on her. She covered a light in Stellas house with a Chinese paper lamp to financial support it from being so bright she hid her looks from Mitch, he never saw her in the day. Finally, one day, Stanley tried to find out many of Blanches secrets and told them to Mitch so he would not fall for her, even though he was considering marrying her.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Distance Learning Essay

Technology is advancing at alarming rates. In tack together to keep up with this ever growing field new means of pedagogics must(prenominal) be implemented. Distance erudition may real hearty be the best way to reach mass amounts of people rapidly. The advantages of Distance Learning argon clear. The results are rapid and affect a broad comp both of people. Particularly with the field of technology, these qualities are necessary when examining way to teach those eager to get hold of. However, along with the advantages come the disadvantages.The purpose of this website is to outline a few of the advantages and disadvantages of outperform learning, nonrecreational special attention to the field of technology. Cost The cost of distance learning may eventually be significantly less than that of education as we see it today. Classrooms require books, binders, pens, transportation, and the actual expense of rent. Distance learning may one day rule out al of these expenses. Books may be available online, notes very easily could be taken using any word processor, and rent is eliminated as both students and professors could logon from the convenience of their own homes.Outreach The greatest advantage of Distance Learning is its ability to reach legion(predicate) users that would otherwise have no way of winning classes. A grandmother may be too embarrassed to go to the local community college and sit amongst 18 year olds fresh out of high school. Distance Learning eliminates the need to feel judged by classmates. This may as well as help students who have physical or mental disabilities and wish to be home schooled. Another example of the broad outreach Distance Learning accounts for is the person that works 9-5 and has a family to provide for.This person may not have the time to travel to class, or the money to afford a baby-sitter. Distance Learning allows those with knockout schedules to learn on thier own time. Interaction A major disadvantage of Dis tance Learning is the lack of interaction between teacher and student. Even when a lesson is taught live on the internet, the instructor misses cues, such as confused faces, that can only be seen live. The instructor cannot yell at a student for flying notes, or talking to their friend.Distance Learning may not be for everyone. Those who do not have a strong desire to really learn the material may easily be distracted. Already on the internet, they may be online talking to friends, or playing online pool. When a student needs supernumerary help it may be hard for the professor to guide them without actually being at that place to walk them through every step of the way. Cheating When a class is given online, cheating may be very hard to detect. It is very easy to cheat on exams that are given online, in the silence of ones home.Conceivable a student could receive an A in a course that another student took for them. Even at SUNY Albany, there have been cases of student cheating o n online quizzes and Web CT submissions. Before Distance Learning is implemented on any large scale, this issue must be further examined. Written by Sara Volkell References Used Deakin, Michelle Bates. 2001. The Failings of Distance Learning. Computer World. Vol. 35. Page 68. Hartley, Sarah. 2001. Twelve Tips for Potential Distance Learners. Medical Teacher. Vol. 23.Pages 13-15. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Online Education Kateri White Online University ascorbic acid City, California Getting an online education has become a very popular technique these days. Whether you are looking for a high school diploma or a graduate degree or or so specialized certification to supplement your existing knowledge, it is very convenient to obtain these without having to take time kill from your schedule to attend a regular educational institution. There are many advantages associated with online study.Some are given below Unlike tralatitious learning, distance learning can offer you great er flexibility, as you dont have to waste time- and money- commuting to the campus and you can choose a program that real suits your interests or professional needs, because you are not confined to the classes that are offered locally. Another advantage to distance learning is the fact that you can continue to work, because you dont have to worry about fitting your classes around your job schedule. Online programs often cost less than their traditional counterparts, so you can save money on tuition, if you pursue your degree through an online university. Online study is also a great option for those students with physical handicaps, which may prevent them from traveling to a traditional campus. Likewise, if you are shy, or perhaps even language-challenged, participating in an online course may be the perfect alternative to a live class.There are some major advantages to online education, including the ability to set your own study time. You may be looking for a promotion or caree r change that requires additional train or you may simply be ready to learn something new. But with todays busy lifestyle, theres little time to sanctify to regularly scheduled class time. Thats where online education can be a great asset for a motivated person. Although there are many advantages of an online education, there are also some disadvantages.The fact that you are working on your own could very well be one of the major disadvantages of taking online educational classes. Another major disadvantage is the lack of interaction. You arent in a classroom and dont have the opportunity to hear questions and preaching from other students. This isnt always an issue, depending on the subject of the online education course you are taking, but it could be an important factor in deciding whether an online education is the best option when seeking out opportunities for learning new skills or gaining new training.But above all the disadvantages the online education is gaining more est eem than traditional education. This article has been published by Kateri White currently writing on online degree programs topics for our website http//www. onlineuniversitydegreeprogram. info. For more details about the online degree programs, please visit our website. If any mistake found please mail kateriwhitegmail. com.

Old People

Michael Bagen SPE 101 Speech 12/14/10 Outline I. Attention getter Going to Wedding, old man hits cable car i. Credibility Real intent situations with older drivers, Dad is an EMT and talks to me about calls all the time ii. Topics The facts of old drivers, real-life stories, solutions iii. Thesis I want a federal law to be passed that forces each driver the age of 65 and older to be retested every 3 eld to not only save their lives, exclusively others around them. II. Statistics i. In succeeding(prenominal) 20 classs, the number of sr.ly drivers triple in amount according to Smart Motorist . Older drivers more conservative when driving rarely ever-changing there habits because of factors such as busy highways or nighttime where as other drivers may go another route b. more(prenominal) accidents than kids, mostly at intersections c. At the age of 65 there is a much greater risk for a driver to be engaged in a fomite accident 1. At the age of 75 that risk increases from just a crash to an accident involving a fatality because of there higher risk of with child(p) eyes or drawn-out reaction time ii. Troubles with advance a. Bad at making turns b.Slower response rates and reaction times to a forceful change c. Studies show that most accidents involving the elderly are caused at intersections there also multi-vehicle accidents iii. In Japan (2006) a. 20. 8 percent oer age 65 b. 13. 1 percent licensed drivers iv. Between 75-84 years old a. Rate of 3 deaths per 100 million miles 1. Over age of 85, chances increase nearly quaternity times v. By 2030 a. Predictions for over age 65 1. Responsible for over 25% of fatal crashes vi. Database, Accidents Analysis & Prevention July 2010 a. tested 10 teenagers and 10 older citizens . used pedestrians to test stopping skills 1. 1. 8% slower in front stopping 2. 2. 8% slower on right side 3. 2. 1% slower for left side vii. One of the troubles no one wants to fight this is because Seniors are one of the biggest gr oup of voters every election a. Take away there licenses they tailt drive to the polls b. Take away there licenses even if they could drive they probably wont vote for you III. Real Stories i. Elizabeth Grimes a. 90 years old b. Drove through a red light at an intersection and hit one car and past smashed into 17 year old Katie Bolka 1.A classmates mom heard the crash from a couple cars back and ran out to see if anyone compulsioned help, she recognized the school uniform from her kids and she called to school to let them know 2. On this day Katie left early because she wanted to get to school early for whatsoever last minute cramming since she had exams that day an had spent the forward weekend studying. a. If she left at her normal time instead of leaving early her 14-year-old sister would gain been in the car with her then they both might not be here today. b. 5. 5 days later, she died, she never regained consciousness c.Of the other four people in the accident including E lizabeth they all survived with minor injuries. ii. George Russell Weller (2003, Santa Monica CA) a. Age 86, Weller suffered from arthritis, nausea as a side effect of medication, and reduced mobility from a hip replacementum. b. George hit the back end of a Mercedes and after doing this he began to hot leg it around a corner 1. He went through a road closed sign signifying that there was a farmers market going on and then proceeded to drive at around speeds of 40-60mph for about 1,000ft The only reason his car finally stopped was from bodies being under it. 2. Killed 10 people . Injured over 70 people in his Buick 1. Mistook the accelerator for the break 3. Too old to go to jail charged for manslaughter a. Fined $101,700. b. Five years of felony probation. 4. Aftermath a. As of may 22, 2008 the City of San Fransisco has paid out over $21 million to settle dozens of civil suits from the families b. The man that caused all this grief and devistation is confined to his house for th e lie of his life receiving 24 hour nursing care 5. Scary part besides the obvious a. His DMV record was near spotless, besides one accident that occurred almost 10 years prior b. The accidents were almost identical to.While he didnt cause any harm that time the fashion of crash was almost the alike(p) with his car driving off the road for no reason and then him getting out looking dazed and confused. iii. Elizabeth Baldick a. Age 84 b. Drove her car though a Sears from entrance 1. Completely mauling over a register counter including the employee behind it 2. The only thing that stopped her car was a cement support beam in the store 3. If it wasnt for that she may not have stopped for a while a. Even after the crash had egested her foot was still pressing down on the gas and you could hear the tires still trying to move 4.The only reason she could give for all this happening was because she was presently on some medication IV. Some Solutions i. Federal Law stringed. a. Every 3 years get re-tested 1. Check eyes and reactions ii. Doctors should work closer with the DMV a. By having doctors work closer we can get people off the road that shouldnt be driving b. If someone comes in with a seizure, eye problem anything that could impair there driving abilities the doctor should take it upon themselves to let the DMV know c. Or a doctor giving out medication that has side make that could do the same the DMV should know about these things . On a personal note my cousin-german lives in California and is currently going through some medical problems, while he was driving a couple months ago he had a seizure. He had no history of seizures or anything of the sort but after going to the doctor he was not allowed to drive for the next couple months while he was under observation so it wouldnt happen again 2. Before he was allowed to drive again he had to get written consent to provide to the DMV from his doctor saying he is allowed to drive again. 3. My cousin is in his mid 40s, why arent we doing this to people that are twice his age and are still driving? ii. Increase profit a. disposal will make more money with retests 1. Lower down the debt iv. States that passed this law a. 23 states require periodical visits to DMV b. Only 16 of those states require visual tests v. More precise tests a. Make the eye exams for any situation 1. Florida has enacted a new more strict eye exam for the elderly (80 and over) 2. Because of it 20% of the over 80 crowd dont even go to try and renew because they dont think theyll pass. b. Make sure the medication wont interfere c. Make it harder than the normal driving test vi.Urge your elderly family members to go and get checked out again, or tell them the next time they need to go somewhere to call you and youll take them. V. Conclusion i. Everyone get in accidents, but with age the increase just keeps getting higher and higher ii. Pass a Federal Law to try and stop this easily avoidable problem from happening a . If Seniors want to drive that bad then they will have to follow the rules for doing so iii. Everyday a Senior citizen takes a chance while driving, who knows who could be next to fall victim to it. Works Cited Davis, R. , & Debarros, A. (2007, May 2). Older, perilous drivers a growing problem. Editorial. USA Today, p. 1. Retrieved November 02, 2010 from the World Wide Web http//www. usatoday. com/ news/ nation/ 2007-05-02-older-drivers-usat1a_n. htm. Press, A. (2007). Older Drivers, Elderly Driving, Seniors At The Wheel. Retrieved November 07, 2010 from Non-Profit Organization, Smart Motorist http//www. smartmotorist. com/ traffic-and-safety-guideline/ older-drivers-elderly-driving-seniors-at-the-wheel. html. White, M. (2006). Senior Driving. Retrieved November 07, 2010 from Non-profit organization, Helpguide. org http//www. helpguide. org/ elder/ senior_citizen_driving. htm.

Goals: Goal and Prestigious Law Firm Essay

Every person, no matter their race, gender, or language that they speak, have huge goals that they want to accomplish in life. We spend our lives either receiving a college story or performing on world tours in the pursuit of happiness and success. In the end, its not all about the unyielding term goals notwithstanding the steps to claim me there. My long term goals are to travel, graduate with a masters degree in Business, and make partner at a esteemed law firm.The ultimate long term goal is to travel to Paris and Antarctica. Paris has always been number one on my bucket call of things to do before I die. Visiting the Penguins in Antarctica is closely behind Paris though. My intermediate personal goal is to get a passport and the valuable tickets that will help me get there. In other words, for my short term personal goal I will be sure to find a vocation that will help me save the money I need to go on this trip. However, an obstacle could be that when I am doing the proc ess of acquiring my passport I might be missing papers, or it will take time to get them. The possible solutions are that I go and get all of my paperwork that I might be missing or that I pay the fee that they request in the case it takes too long to get down it.Without education theres limited ways to achieve success. My long term goal is receiving my masters degree in Business is my long term academic goal. Furthermore, my intermediate goal is to graduate from Valencia. Education is really important to me and graduating will also point me in the right direction of working(a) towards my move goals. My short-term academic goal is to finish this semester with As in all of my courses. Procrastination could be a huge obstacle that I will definitely have to work on. Planning ahead and maintaining my free time is two possible solutions to this problem.To make partner at a prestigious law firm is my long term career goal. Ive wanted to become a lawyer since I could start to think for myself. My intermediate career goal is to get my security license. This is not a short term goal because it may take up to seven months or longer to acquire. This job would be great because Ill be getting paid to keep the peace and protect innocent civilians. At the moment, I am employed by Barnes and Noble on the UCF campus. This is a good job but my short term career goal is to find a job that pays better than this job. A larger income would assist greatly with my living and educational expenses.In conclusion, all of my goals, either short term or long term, have an equal sum on my life. This paper has helped me put my goals in order. Before I wrote this essay, I had no clue about what I wanted to do in the future. Now, I have more of an idea of where I want to go in life and the small steps to get to the very much wanted long term goal Happiness.

Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay

Since X ray was discovered by Roentgen in 1895, its medical application has grown to be a fast and energising imaging direction. Today s idea part consists of an impressive array of diagnostic and curative devices from roentgenogram machines, CT S goat, deary S stub, additive gas pedal, which chiefly use ionising actinformer(a)apy for diagnosing and intervention of unwellnesss and with the add-on of ultrasound and MRI that use sound moving ridges and magnets for diagnosing rather of X raies. Therefore, radiology is considered as the window of the wellnessc be establishment and the radiologic channelises argon the individuals behind these state-of-the art machines.In the x-ray section, one of the divisions of radiology section, the x-ray machines argon used for diagnosings of unwellnesss. For 100 out of date ages the film-screen carcass has been the imaging system of set up. This system uses radiographic movie, screen and wet chemical intelligence to bring forth an subs titution class merely like conventional picture taking. Every RT s end is to supply high tincture count ons for accurate diagnosing hence each billhook is really critical. The RT must be equipped with knowledge and accomplishments from anatomy, positioning and motion picture techniques. One little error can endanger the range of mountains and outputs an unacceptable skiagraph which entails repetition scrutiny that chiefly doer trim shaft of light pane to the patient. This is one of the disadvantages of a film-screen system wherein one time the movie has been processed in that respect is no manner to change it. What you see is what you get. Fortunately, with the turning engine room of imaging modes came the debut of digital imagination which follow the same construct as digital cameras wherein brightness and contrast of the image can be changed and images can now be cropped. Its advantage compared to film-screen is really obvious, since images can be altered, repeti tion scrutinies, oftentimes is no longer prerequisite.The engineering is brilliant and its introduction has grown the wonder of every RT whether it is efficient compared to the traditional system. And of class, it is. However, as with every other engineering has its drawback. Since the new engineering chiefly uses computing machine and computer-aided equipments oftentimes do the full occupation. The inquiry lies wherein forget the efficacy of the RT in footings of characterization technique ingredients be same as utilizing the conventional manner?Several international surveies stated that because of the convenience of the system, the RTs utilizing the machine oftentimes fail to see the criterion protocols in every technique preference because images can be manipulated subsequently. Change of images from clip to clip should non be a day-to-day scenario because use sometimes interfere accurate diagnosing.As of the enquiry makeers cognition, there are no known local related sur veies in the diminution of RT s strength in utilizing CR. One of the grounds may be this mode is still in the phase of debut in the Philippines and that its deduction is non yet intensively studied. But this does non halt the question workers to render of happening out if there is so a diminution in RT s power with the new system. This survey is a comparative-correlational seek in finding the point of radiographic competency between film-screen system and CR on painting technique actor choice. The chief aims of the research workers are to compare if there is a conditional relationant contrariety in footings of radiographic competency in the RT who uses film-screen from CR and to find if the respondents compose and bureau has a secondant relationship in footings of radiographic competency. Base on the implication of the survey, the research workers bequeath be able to measure the indispensable accomplishments needed for the profession. engineering science so has helped us in many ways. However, without the competency of the schoolmaster manipulating the equipment is futile. This substance that the engineer who has the exclusive duty of manning the state-of-the art equipment should non trust from engineering, alternatively engineering should trust on them.REVIEW OF LITERATUREThis survey chiefly aims to compare the mark of radiographic competency on video technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed radiography ( CR ) . Exposure technique factor choice is an of import foundation for these twain types of image receptor ( IR ) or imaging system. Image receptor is a device that converts X raies into telescopic visible beam. competency should non change whether the radiologic engineer ( RT ) is utilizing the conventional or digital system, otherwise, it will get the better of the intensive survey of the characterization techniques during the undergraduate older ages. Furthermore, give curb exposure techniques is paramount in the profession since these techniques besides mean irradiation dose on the member of the patient. Harmonizing to Fauber & A Johnston ( 2012 ) , the radiographer s actions at the control dialog box straight determine the nature and the makeup of the x-ray beam. This means that the selected exposure technique factor is straight relative to patient social disease. In add-on, it is the duty of the radiographer to read the doctrine, factors and methods that minimizes ionising radiation exposure to the patient ( Callaway, 1996 ) . This besides means that an RT is supplying attribute patient attention when he/she gives an adequate and incumbent sum of radiation to the patient.Competence in Radiologic TechnologistKlemp ( 1980 ) defined competency as an implicit in feature of a individual which consequences in effectual and/or superior public presentation on the occupation. A competent individual is imbued with the right cognition, accomplishments and military position on a pecu liar undertaking. Other writers define competency as a bunch or related cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflects a major part of one s occupation, which has a relationship in the public presentation on the occupation that can be measured with well-accepted criterions, and that can be improved with preparation and development ( Parry, 1996 ) . In radiologic engineering, for illustration, an freshly licensed RT already possess cognitive and motor accomplishments at an opening full point, nevertheless, it can merely be enhanced through proper and consistent preparation in a chosen specialised field during the class of his/her work as an RT.Knowledge, Skills, poseAs mentioned, competency is a combination of cognition, accomplishments and attitudes. These constituents are indispensable as a whole because the absence of one constituent greatly affects 1s public presentation. Harmonizing to Dowd ( 1996 ) , cognition as portion of competency includes theories and constru cts which were gained as a consequence of the experience of executing certain undertakings. Furthermore, in the field of radiologic engineering he added that cognition includes job-specific nomenclature, methods of forming training and an apprehension of rules and generalisations. On the other manus, Hans Reynold in 1928 defined accomplishment as combined mental and physical qualities which make it utile to industry. Knowledge if combined with accomplishments is of import in the study. Furthermore, one can non develop a accomplishment without cognition and at higher stagecoachs, cognition are converted to accomplishments ( Klieme, 2004. )The last constituent that determines competency is the attitude. The attitude such as beliefs, entertains, traits, and motivations is a portion of competency because it indicates the individual s response to a peculiar event or state of affairs. Attitude refers to the sensitivity or mental obligation of individuals/users towards a merchandise, thoughts, or attributes. It besides implies on mental preparedness on a peculiar object or his properties toward an object or his penchants. ( Hulse & A Dowd, 1996 ) . In the field of radiologic engineering, competency does non merely intend that the RT is equipped with the cognition and accomplishments but RT is besides imbued with the right attitude and legal opinion to supply each patient with quality attentionOn radiographic CompetenceIn the field of radiologic engineering, one facet of the profession requires competent accomplishments in radiographic exposure factor technique. The verbalize competency is indispensable particularly in the diagnostic x-ray imagination, wherein exposure factors are the key to accurate diagnosing and supplying radiation dose to token(prenominal) degree. For 100 old ages, film-screen technique has been the method of pick in radiographic imagination ( Bushong 2009 ) . spud-screen system uses radiographic movies, radiographic intensifying screens and wet chemical science to do the image seeable. Furthermore, this conventional system should adhere to the criterions of the darkroom demands. Film-screen system has the same construct as a typical conventional camera. In a film-screen technique, radiologic engineer should be certain on the exposure factors to be applied in a peculiar exposure because improper choice of exposure factors can hear to overexposure or underexposure of the movie. Overexposure or underexposure degrades image quality and hence, it can take to rejection of movie, therefore necessitates the demand for repetition scrutiny. Repeat scrutiny provides unneeded dot to the patient and extra costs to the section.On the other manus, as with the other inventions in engineering, diagnostic imagination has shifted its class from conventional to digital. Computer applications are employed presents in diagnostic imagination modes. An assign analogy that is easy for almost people to understand is the replacing of ty pical movie cameras with digital cameras images can be taken, instantly examined, deleted, corrected, and cropped, and later(prenominal) sent to a web of computing machines. Computed skiagraphy system ( CR ) is an low-cost solution to digital imagination. Alternatively of the movie, CR employs an imaging home habitation to capture x-rays and makes it seeable when the home base is scanned into a computing machine and digitized it. Once the image is converted to entropys, it can be recorded on a optical maser printed movie or can be transmitted and stored digitally. It has particular characteristics like use or sweetening of the image. Its specialised package is used to image sing with enhanced maps similar to film-screen system, such as contrast, brightness, and quick climb. ( dicomsolutions.com, 2011 ) .Computed skiagraphy has practical proficient advantages compared with conventional techniques, such as broad contrast dynamic scope, post-processing functionality, multiple image screening options, and electronic transportation and file awaying possibilities. In this system, image quality can be achieved because of the post-processing techniques that are non possible with film-screen system. This system is favourable for the engineers because the RT can counterbalance for exposure technique inaccuracies by seting the technique during post-processing stage of the image instead than that clip of exposure.In radiologic engineering field, competency agencies that the RT is equipped with the cognition, accomplishments, attitude and judgement to supply each patient with quality attention. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is indispensable in the field of Radiologic Technology because RT is a fast growth profession RT trades with benignant lives and most of all, the RT caterpillar track of study is non plenty to fix the pupils to be equipped with the accomplishments necessary for the profession particularly in the particular Fieldss of radiologic e ngineering. For an RT to go competent, he/she should stanch undergone formal educational background followed by specialised preparation in their chosen field that takes months. As an RT, he/she should hold comprehensive cognition and accomplishments in patient attention, radiologic processs and radiation dose.Exposure Technique FactorsExposure technique factors influence and find the measure and quality of X ray to which the patient is exposed ( Bushong, 2009 ) . Kilovolt extremum ( kVp ) , milliamperage ( ma ) , exposure clip and source-to-image outgo ( SID ) are the chief exposure technique factors. Furthermore, the said factors besides affect image quality.Milliamperage and exposure clip are the exposure factors that affects the measure of radiation. Milliampere is the step of x-ray tubing current, whereas milliampere-second ( ma ) is the green goods of exposure clip and exposure tubing current. They straight affect the optical tautness ( OD ) of the movie. Optical denseness i s the overall darkening of the movie. The darker the movie, the higher figure of x-rays is given to the patient. The higher the figure of X raies that are the given to the patients, the greater the radiation dose they receive. Source-to-image receptor distance besides affects the measure of the radiation. The fillr the patient is to the x-ray beginning, the higher dose the patient gets. For chest X ray, the standard SID is 72 inches, while for the other x-ray scrutinies, the standard SID is 40 inches. Kilovoltage extremum ( kVp ) , straight affects the quality of radiation. kVp is the maximal electric potency that travels across the x-ray tubing. Since kVp affects the quality of the x-ray beam, it besides affects the quality of the radiographic image. Kilovoltage straight affects contrast. Contrast is the fluctuation of densenesss on the movie. The advantage of utilizing higher kVp is that the patient will digest lower dose of radiation because it will non be absorbed. However, hi gher kilovoltage produces more spread radiation, therefore increases the transmittal of X raies to the image receptor and degrades image quality. The best techniques to forestall spread radiation are utilizing beam restrictors such as collimator to filtrate low energy X raies and to cut-off low energy beams utilizing radiographic power systems. By using beam restrictors and grid will heighten image contrast because spread radiation will be prevented. Furthermore, spread radiation will besides supply unneeded dosage to the patient.Therefore, exposure technique factor choice is indispensable. To supply quality radiogram and to restrict patients to radiation should be a end for every RT. Harmonizing to Bushong ( 2009 ) , RTs are indispensable to utilize their accomplishments to bring forth the best possible image with individual exposure ( Bushong, 2009 ) . Otherwise, buy up scrutiny will supply unneeded radiation dosage to the patient. Therefore, it is necessary for the RT to be eq uipped with cognition and accomplishments to pull arrange these exposure technique factors to bring forth coveted optical denseness, contrast, and image item on the finished radiogram.RT in Film-Screen corpseIn conventional film-screen system, before each scrutiny, the radiologic engineer must choose the optimal radiographic technique factors- kVp, ma, and exposure clip ( Bushong 2009 ) . There are many considerations to find the value of each factor and they are complexly interrelated. Contrast and Density are the photographic factors of the radiogram and it functions to do the image seeable. profile of image is of import so that anatomical image will look for proper diagnosing. After each exposure, there is no manner to pull draw its contrast and denseness and that s what makes film-screen system hard as unequal contrast or denseness entails repetition scrutiny. Since use of the image is non possible in this system, the RT should be certain with the technique factors prior to the exposure otherwise, misreckonings can ensue to underexposure or overexposure. In a film-screen system, overexposure and underexposure of the image is considered unacceptable because the of import constructions are non seeable and therefore it is non a tool for proper diagnosing. In other words, image quality is dependent on exposure factors.RT in Computed radiographyIn CR system, image quality is non dependent on exposure factors. Digital image is unrelated to dose, kVp becomes less of import. Since, image quality is non dependent on exposure factors, image can be manipulated. In a conventional system, the movie serves as both image acquisition and show strong point. With CR, the image home base serves as the acquisition strong suit but does non expose the image. Since these maps are separate in CR, the digital signal can be altered to counterbalance for underexposure or overexposure and an acceptable image can be displayed on the proctor ( Shephard, 2003 ) . With CR system, post-processing is possible that helps heighten image therefore leting the RT to change image contrast and denseness. Since image can be manipulated or modified, underexposure or overexposure is no longer a job with this system, because it can normally salve fluctuations from the optical technique, whereas proficient mistake with a screen-film system frequently requires a repetition exposure ( Pizzutiello, 1993 Cesar, 1997 ) . Therefore, with CR, proficient mistakes are eliminated because of exposure discrepancies that are possible with salvageable consequences, presuming equal kilovoltage is used ( Ballinger, 1999 ) .On Assessment of RT CompetenceIn order to cognize the competency of a professional, assessment plays a critical function. Assessment is of import so as to measure if the RT is still competent to make the occupation. Since we are in the epoch of rapid engineering, it may come to a point that we will merely set our assurance on computing machines instead than our compet ency. Harmonizing to Olavidez ( 2005 ) , competency is an discernible ability and it can be measured against set of criterions. Appraisal of competency is a combined cognition, accomplishments, and attitudes that reflect the current work pattern. Furthermore, it can bridge the spread between workplace demands and criterion.Choice of exposure technique factor is of utmost importance because RT trades with exposing patients to radiation. Exposure technique factor is tantamount to the quality and the measure of radiation that exits the patient, hence, the RT should be on the nose in giving exposure technique factors. Supplying appropriate radiation dosage is necessary to forestall the patients from the jeopardies of the ionizing radiation, hence anterior to the exposure of the patient, accurate exposure techniques should be practiced. The issue of supplying accurate techniques lies in a digital system, wherein images can be manipulated during post-processing. Harmonizing to Fredrick W alker ( medicalimagingmag, 2008 ) , a radiologic engineer at Sharp Rees-Stealy in San Diego, CA, he pointed out if the image is excessively dark, we can pull strings the image utilizing post-processing techniques like windowing or shadowing or to set contrast without safekeeping to reiterate the scrutiny. Furthermore, since image can be manipulated during post-processing, it can promote complacence instead than truth with exposure techniques which can ensue in overexposed or underexposed images ( medical examxray, 2010 ) . In add-on, harmonizing to Enfinger ( 2012 ) , that it is true that the image can be adjusted, nevertheless, it is non recommended because the natural information from the initial exposure will incorporate information from spread radiation that degrades image quality even if it is manipulated subsequently.Harmonizing to Shephard ( 2003 ) , it is likely that digital imagination will replace conventional screen-film skiagraphy in many modern medical imagination cen tres in the close hereafter. It has already been stated that even if the image can be manipulated during post-processing, this should non be a pattern because somehow it can deteriorate image quality which consequences in inaccurate diagnosing. One retrospective analysis of patients who had undergone lumbar spinal column radiogram for the diagnosing of osteoporosis comparison diagnostic truth with screen-film versus digital skiagraphy. The writers suspected that elevate mineral loss could be more easy seeable with screen-film imaging due to the fact that image contrast can non be adjusted with this mode, whereas CR ( and DR ) images undergo digital post-processing techniques to maximise contrast. This could ensue in misdirecting consequences that confound diagnostic strength in osteoporosis.Therefore, this is a challenge now for the RT to keep their competency amidst the tending of engineering. Competence of RT is the foundation of supplying quality patient attention by supplying appropriate radiation dosage for accurate diagnosing.SynthesisThe focal point of the writings and surveies cited was the radiographic competency of RT between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy and it is through this survey that the research workers can place and compare whether their competency will differ base on the image receptor that is being used. In add-on, competency in exposure technique factors is indispensable because this will besides intend radiation dosage to the patient. It has already been affirmed that the construct has been there for the past few old ages and hence the present survey is surely non a new construct. Nevertheless, the research workers deemed it necessary to carry on a survey measuring the competency of the RT for the benefit of the establishment where they belong because the research worker wants to suggest a professional think that could beef up the foundation of the RTs . It is besides of import for the school to offer the plans since ab out the RT from the different infirmaries in Davao city are merchandises of this establishment.This survey is similar to the other surveies cited in this subdivision because it stated on the effects of digital imagination on the radiographic competency of the RTs. Furthermore, old surveies dealt with the effects of image use on image quality and it indirectly link to the competency of the RTs.Conceptual ModelIn this position, the research workers attempted to measure the degree of radiographic competency of the RTs in footings of cognition, accomplishments and attitude. Through measuring the competency of the RTs, the research workers are able to find the degree of radiographic competency their strengths and failing of radiographic techniques. On the other manus, the research workers identified the factors that can furbish up their competency, such as the respondents demographic profile in footings of age, sex, figure of old ages in service and educational attainment and the pro file of establishment such as bureau and its categorization are besides considered.To hold a graphic image of the survey, Figure 1 served as the research paradigmSCHEMATIC DIAGRAMIndependent Variables Dependent VariablesFactorsRespondents ProfileAgeNumber of old ages in serviceAgencyPrivatePublicImage ProcessingFilm-Screen SystemComputed radiographyDegree of radiographic Competence knowledgeSkillsAttitudeFigure 1Conventional Diagram demoing the relationship between the independent and dependent variablesSTATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThe survey aims to compare the degree of radiographic competency in utilizing a film-screen system and computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice specifically it aims to reply the undermentioned inquiriesWhat is the respondents profile in footings ofAgeNumber of old ages in serviceWhat is the bureau of the health care establishments in footings ofPrivatePublicWhat is the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing film-scree n system on exposure technique factor choice in footings of knowledgeSkillsAttitudeWhat is the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing computed skiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a big relationship between the respondents profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeHypothesisThere is no important relationship between the respondents profile and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofAgeNumber of old ages in serviceThere is no important relationship between the bureau of the healthcare establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofPublicPrivateThere is no important difference in the degree of radiographic competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeDEFINITION OF TERMSAccuracy- refers to the grade of conformance of a measured or calculated value to its existent or specific value.Computed Radiography- is an low-cost solution of digital imagination system that uses a photostimulable phosphor as the image receptor.Digital Radiography- an all-digital technique in which x-ray soaking up is quantified by assignment of a figure to the sum of x-rays making the sensor this is besides called as cassetteless system.Exposure- step of ionisation produced in air by X raies or gamma beams.Exposure Factor Selection. It is the factor set by the radiographer ( kVp, and ma ) to bring forth visibleness of constructions in the radiogram.Film Screen System- is the conventional image receptor that uses radiographic movie, radiographic escalating scree n and wet chemical science to visualise the image in the radiogram.Image receptor- is a device that converts x-ray beam into seeable image.Degree of Radiographic Competence- refers to the step of the degree of competency of the radiologic engineer in accomplishing ends and aims in supplying quality radiogram with minimal radiation dosage to patients.Private hospital- is a infirmary owned by a net income company or a non-profit organisation and in private funded through payment for medical services by patients themselves.Public hospital- is a infirmary which is owned by the authorities and have authorities support.Significance OF THE STUDYThis survey seeks to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy and to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between respondents profile and bureau.Based on the c onsequences of this survey, the research workers can place the strengths and failings of the RTs and if it shows important diminution in the competency of the RT in the CR system, the research workers will suggest an sweetener plan for the professionals. The said plan will besides be a portion of the Continuing Professional Education ( CPE ) , and it will be added to the CPE units needed to revitalize RT licences. This survey will be most helpful to the radiology section of the infirmary to heighten Health Care Delivery by restricting radiation dosage to the patients. Furthermore, finding the attitude toward the imagination system will assist the section to reassess the mental and the emotional province of the RT s. Mental and Emotional province of the RT are of import since they are covering with patients. It is the duty of the RT to render quality patient attention by supplying appropriate radiation dosage.Furthermore, this survey will besides be of most helpful to the schools of fering radiologic engineering as to escalate the foundation of the pupils in footings of exposure technique factors. Based on the consequence of the survey, there may be a demand to revise the course of study to further escalate the accomplishments of the RT pupils. Computed Radiography is non a portion of the standard RT course of study, and it may be one factor that affects the diminution of competency on the portion of the professional every bit good as the pupils.Chapter 2MethodologyThis part discusses the research design used, the research venue where the survey will be conducted, the description of samples and the sampling technique, the shaft used, the inside informations of process and the statistical analysis to reply the research job.Research DesignThe survey will use a comparative-correlational research. To find the difference between the degree of competency in film-screen system and computed skiagraphy, comparative survey will be used. Furthermore, to find the relation ship between the respondents profile and bureau between the degrees of the radiographic competency, correlational design will be employed.PutingThe survey will be conducted from the selected infirmaries in Davao, Digos and Tagum City using either film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. The infirmaries utilizing film-screen system are the undermentioned Alexian Brothers Health and Wellness Center, Km. 4, McArthur exaltedway, Matina, Davao City Davao Regional Hospital, located at Apokon, Tagum City 8112 and Davao Del tire Provincial Hospital which is located at Lapu-lapu St. Digos, City Davao Del Sur. On the other manus, the infirmaries utilizing the computed skiagraphy system are the undermentioned Davao Doctors Hospital ( DDH ) , E. Quirino Ave. , Davao City Southern Philippines Medical Center ( SPMC ) , J.P Laurel Ave. , Bajada, Davao City and Davao Medical School Foundation and Hospital ( DMSF ) , Medical Drive, Bajada, Davao City.ParticipantsThe respondents of the survey a re the Registered Radiologic Technologists and Associate X-ray Engineers coming from the selected infirmaries in Davao City using a film-screen and computed skiagraphy system. Furthermore, the qualified respondents should be at least six months in service at the clip of the rating.MeasuresThe research appraisal is be of four parts. The first portion of the appraisal consists of inquiries refering to the profile of the respondents and infirmary.The 2nd portion consists of inquiries on the respondents degree of cognition on exposure technique factor choice. The inquiries are specifically structured in such a manner that assesses the respondents acquired cognition on technique choice. Based on the consequences, the attitude in footings of respondent s response in both film-screen and CR system will be categorize as follows depending on their medium markPoints Obtained Qualitative Description30-25 Very High20-24 High15-19 slightly High10- 14 Low13- 0 Very LowInterpretationThe afor esaid appraisal signifier that will be used as instrument of the survey is constructed and designed by the research workers as to mensurate the basic cognition in exposure technique factor choice regardless of the imagination system used. Its cogency and dependability was attested by experts of the field.Furthermore, the 3rd portion of the appraisal is an existent rating wherein the respondents are observed during x-ray scrutiny. They will be assessed in the existent choice of the exposure technique factor and the result of the image. The said appraisal is a point system the appropriate the RT performs in technique factor choice and the acceptable the image, the higher the points. Based on the consequences, the degree of radiographic competency in footings of respondent s accomplishments will be categorized as follows depending on their average markPoints Obtained Qualitative Description10 Very high degree of radiographic accomplishments7-9 High degree of radiographic accomplishmen ts4-6 Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments1-3 Low degree of radiographic accomplishmentsLow degree of radiographic accomplishments means that the respondents were non able to execute the appropriate exposure techniques and came up with an unacceptable radiogram. Reasonably low degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were non able to execute appropriate exposure techniques and came up with a passable radiogram. High degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram but did non execute appropriate exposure techniques. Last, really high degree of radiographic accomplishments means that they were able to come up with a quality radiogram and performed appropriate exposure techniques. The appraisal is circumscribed in the x-ray scrutiny of the skull and thorax.Furthermore, the last portion of the appraisal is consists of inquiries sing the attitude of the respondents. The respondents attitude will be asse ssed base on their attitudes about the imagination system and its facets. The research workers will use the Likert collection plate wherein the respondents are asked to bespeak a grade of understanding and dissension with each of a series of statement. The consequences will be categorized as follows depending on their average markPoints Obtained Qualitative Description5 Strongly Agree4 Agree3 Indifferent2 Disagree1 Strongly differIn add-on, the research workers will utilize purposive sampling as to measure up the respondents for the survey.Ethical ConsiderationResearch blessing will be obtained through the research reappraisal section or human resources section from the six infirmaries. To promote voluntary engagement of the RTs in this survey, the cover missive of the intent and nature of the survey, informations confidentiality, and research support will be attached. The namelessness of the respondents will be ensured.Procedures1. Letter inquiring for permission.2. After the ble ssing of the proposal of this survey, the research worker will organize with the human resource section and the radiology section caputs. Once approved by radiology caputs, the research workers will get down the rating procedure. The research workers will aim two months in assemblage of informations get downing October 1- November 1. Based on the consequence, the research workers will so place the area/s of troubles by the respondents and so proposed an sweetening plan for the professional concentrating on the failings identified.Datas AnalysisThe undermentioned statistical methods will be utilized for the analysis of the informations and reading of the consequencesTo reply the undermentioned jobs, obtaining Frequency, Mean and Percentage will be employed.What is the respondents profile in footings ofAgeNumber of old ages in serviceWhat is the bureau of infirmary in footings ofPrivatePublic3. What is the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing film-screensy stem on exposure technique factor choice in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitude4. What is the degree of the respondents radiographic competency in utilizing computedskiagraphy on exposure technique factor choice in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeThe Pearson Product-Moment Coefficient of Correlation will be used to correlate the respondents degree of radiographic competency and the ( 1 ) respondents profile and ( 2 ) profile of the healthcare establishment. It seeks to reply the undermentioned jobs5. Is there a important relationship between the respondents profile and the degree ofradiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeIs there a important relationship between the bureau of health care establishment and the degree of radiographic competency in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeLast, T-test will be used to compare the degree of respondents competency between film-screen system and computed skiagraphyIs there a important difference in the degree of compete ncy between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy in footings ofCognitionSkillsAttitudeThe processing will be make with the usage of SPSS.Scope and RestrictionThe chief intent of the survey is to find if there is a important difference on the degree of the radiographic competency of radiologic engineers on exposure technique factor choice between film-screen system and computed skiagraphy. Furthermore, the research workers will besides seek to find if there is a important relationship on the degree of radiographic competency between radiologic engineers profile and bureau. The research workers will use the three competences viz. Knowledge, Skills and Attitude. The survey is limited merely to six health care establishments in Davao, Digos and Tagum City with the following profileName of Hospital Image Receptor AgencyAlexian Brothers Wellness Center Film-Screen System PrivateDavao Doctors Hospital Computed Radiography PrivateDavao Del Sur Prov. Hospital Film-Screen System Publ icDavao Regional Hospital Film-Screen System PublicDMSF Computed Radiography PrivateSPMC Computed Radiography PublicFurthermore, the survey is limited to skull and chest scrutiny. Since the survey discusses the quality and measure of radiation, nevertheless, it does non cover the radiation dose the patient receives. The survey merely focuses on the image quality based on the exposure techniques -kVp, ma and SID- selected by the respondents.Appendix 1 Communication LetterRaymund CS. Del ValDavao Doctors HospitalPresidentThru Mirasol B. TiuDirectorHuman Resources DepartmentBeloved Sir/MadamWe would wish to seek permission to carry on our survey in this establishment specifically in the Radiology Department. Our survey is entitled Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure Technique Factor Selection .The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non. We assured that this information will be held in confidential and will be used merely to broaden the position of our survey.Your blessing on this affair will be extremely appreciated.Respectfully Yours,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King Defensor, RRTResearcher ResearcherDDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch workerDDC- RT DepartmentNoted ByJoshua P. Sero Dr. Lucila T. LupoRT Program Chair Head of Research Dept.Appendix 2 reach out LETTERDear Respondent,We are the module of Davao Doctors College- Radiologic Technology Department and soon carry oning a survey entitled Radiographic Competence between Film-Screen System and Computed Radiography on Exposure Technique Factor Selection The chief aim of this research is to place the radiographic competency between the radiologic engineers using film-screen image receptor and computed skiagraphy ( CR ) . Through your engagement, we finally hope to find if competency in exposure technique choice varies or non.Enclosed with this missive is a apprize questionnaire that asks a assortment of inquiries. The questionnaire is composed of five parts. First portion is your personal profile. Second, is your establishments profile. The 3rd portion is a quiz-type that measures your cognition about exposure factor techniques on skull and chest scrutiny. In the 4th portion, we, the research workers will detect you based on your existent choice of the exposure techniques during the x-ray scrutiny. And in conclusion, we will be inquiring sing your attitudes and positions toward your current occupation as an RT. Your replies and responses are confidential and will be used for research purposes merely.We hope you will take a few proceedingss to finish this questionnaire. Without the aid of people like you, research on radiographic competency could non be conducted. Your engagement is voluntary and there is no penalization if you do non take part.If you have any inquiries or concerns about finishing the questionnaire or about take parting in this survey, you may reach us at 222-0853 local 107 or 09161932693 or you can e-mail us at danna_rrt yahoo.com.Sincerely,Dannalyn D. Ibanez, RRT Jules King C. Defensor, RRTResearcher ResearcherDDC- RT Department DDC- RT DepartmentTheresa T. Eguia, RRTResearch workerDDC- RT DepartmentAppendix 3 Samples of QuestionnairesDegree of Competence in Exposure Technique Factor SelectionEvaluation FormPart I Respondent s ProfileName ( Optional ) ______________________________ Rating _____________Sexual activity ______________________ Date ______________Age _________Number of Years in Service ________Part II Healthcare Institution s ProfileType of Institution ( ) Primary ( ) Secondary ( ) TertiaryType of Imaging System ( ) Film Screen ( ) Computed RadiographyPart III CognitionSKULL RADIOGRAPHYThymineFIn skiagraphy of sku ll, particularly for paediatric and geriatric patients, short exposure clip is required.2. Use of grid is required in skull skiagraphy3. In skull skiagraphy, wherein a smaller field size is required exposure factors may hold to be increased.4. In skull imagination, a 15 % addition in kvp should be accompanied by half decrease in mom.5. Skull skiagraphy requires a high contrast image, which requires a high kvp choice.6. When utilizing a grid, it may non be necessary to increase the exposure factor.7. When exposure factor is done with the usage of bucky, it is of import to see an addition of ma to keep the movie denseness.8. In skull skiagraphy, the usage of medium kVp and short exposure clip and the highest possible ma is recommended.9. It is necessary to increase kVp when an x-ray requisition indicates status such as hydrocephaly, osteochondroma, and Paget s disease.10. A squinty skull place will necessitate lesser exposure than PA skull X ray.11. When tube angulation is applied du ring skull x-ray, there is an addition in exposure severally.12. 40 inches distance is used during skull skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness.13. Skull with injuries due to vehicular accident will necessitate lesser exposure factor.14. ma is the factor of pick for skull process.15. Skull process with air spreads due to trauma, kVp is the factor of pick.CHEST RADIOGRAPHYThymineF1. Aerated tissue such as lungs require high sum of exposure to enter appropriate degree of denseness.2. The weightiness of the thorax is normally measured with measures as a usher to the proper ma choice.3. In portable thorax X ray, the ma value is decreased.4. Pathological status of the thorax may non be taken into history in gauging the electromotive force value.5. To find farther the pathology emphysema the usage of lower kVp exposure requires.6. By and large, kV should be high plenty to ensue in sufficient contrast to show the many sunglassess of grey needed to visualise the finer lung m arkers.7. Chest skiagraphy requires the usage of high mas and long exposure clip to minimise the opportunity of gesture and attendant loss of unsharpness.8. Chest transcending 30cm in thickness requires an addition non merely in ma but besides in kVp9. In pleural gush, normal thorax technique will ensue in underexposed image.10. 72 inches distance is officially use during chest skiagraphy to obtain appropriate degree of denseness.11. In chest x-ray utilizing air spread technique, normally gives lower patient dosage.12. Chest is considered as a low contrast anatomy.13. In patients with pneumonia, it is ever appropriate to diminish exposure techniques.14. In patients with pneumothorax, it is ever appropriate to increase exposure techniques.15. By and large, as grid ratio additions, patient dosage will diminish.Part IV SkillsExposure Technique Factor SelectionMarkDid the engineer usage calliper to mensurate the thickness of the portion? ( to use appropriate kVp ) 1 point.2. Make the en gineer suitably use radiographic grids? 1 point.3. Make the engineer twin the portion of involvement? ( collimation reduces spreadradiation therefore provides high contrast image ) 1 point.4. Make the engineer usage appropriate source-to-image distance ( SID ) ? 1 point.Radiographic ImageIs the radiogram acceptable in footings of contrast? 2 points.( 2- acceptable 1- normalize 0- unacceptable )Is the radiogram acceptable in footings of denseness? 2 points.( 2- acceptable 1- moderate 0- unacceptable )Is the image decently collimated? 1 pointIs there a presence of image blur? ( Long exposure clip contributes to image fuzz ) 1 point.EntirePart V AttitudeFor Film-Screen userFilm-Screen SystemStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Disagree1. Film-Screen imagination system still is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram.2. Film-Screen imagination system gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system.3. Film-Screen imagination system is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique.4. Since I can non pull strings the image in a Film-Screen system, I should be precise in choosing kVp and ma in every scrutiny.5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.7. I normally choose high exposure factors in Film-Screen.8. Collimation is really of import in Film-Screen.9. I think film-screen bounds patient radiation dosage.10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is great in film-screen system.For Computed Radiography userComputed RadiographyStrongly AgreeAgreeIndifferentDisagreeStrongly Disagree1. CR is the best mode of pick in bring forthing a quality radiogram.2. CR gives more accurate consequences compared to digital system.3. CR is the most convenient mode in choosing proper exposure technique.4. Since I can pull strings the image in a CR system, sometimes I am non certain in choice of kVp and ma .5. If the image becomes underexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.6. If the image becomes overexposed, I normally do repeat scrutinies.7. I normally choose high exposure factors in CR.8. There is no demand for collimation since cropping is available during station processing in CR.9. I think CR bounds patient radiation dosage.10. I feel that my competency on exposure technique factor choice is lesser in CR.Appendix 4 MentionBooksBallinger, PW, inconsiderate ED Merill s Atlas of Radiographic Positions and Radiologic Procedures,Volume 3, 9th erectile dysfunction. St. Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 1999Bloom BJ, erectile dysfunction. Taxonomy of Educational Aims Cognitive Domain. New York, NY DavidMcKay Company 1956.Bontrager, K, Lampignano, J Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy 7therectile dysfunction. Singapore, Mosby, 2010.Bushong, SC Radiologic Science for Engineers Physicss, Biology, and Protection, 9th erectile dysfunction. St.Louis, Mosby-Year Book, 2001.Cal laway, W, Gurley, L Introduction to Radiologic Techology. Mosby-Year Book Inc. 1996.Cesar LJ Computed skiagraphy its impact on radiographers. Radiologic Technology 68225,1997.Dowd, SB. The profession s hereafter leading development. Radiologic Technology. 1992Fauber TL Radiographic Imaging and Exposure. ST. Louis, Mosby, 2000.Fauber, TL & A Johnston, J Necessities of Radiographic Physics and Imaging. Mosby. 2012.Klieme, E. et al.The Development of subject area Educational Standards An Expertness, BerlinBundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung. 2004.Lauer OG. Principles and Practices of the College-Based Radiography Program. St. Louis, MoWarren Green Inc 1984.More, C. Skill and the English Working Class, 1870-1914, London CroomHelm. ( 1980 )Piaget, J. La psychologie de lintelligence, Paris Colin.1947.Pizzutiello RJ, Cullinan JE Introduction to Medical Radiographic Imaging. Rochester, NY,Eastman Kodak Company, 1993.Shephard, C Radiographic Image Production and Manipulation. Nash ville, Tenessee, 2003.Yumul, R. Introduction to Radiologic Technology with Science, Technology and Society.Manila. 2012DiariesSiddiqui, Nazlee & A Khandaker, Shahjahan. Comparison of Services of Public, Private andForeign Hospitals from the Perspective of Bangladeshi Patients. 2007.Balasubramanian, shibah K. and Wagner A. Kamakura, August. Measuring Consumer attitudestowards the market topographic point with tailored interview , Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 26. 1989.Unpublished ThesissPabunag, Richard et Al. Level of Professional Competence of Radiologic Technologist inDavao City on Factor Selection of X-rays of Skull, Extremities and Chest . Davao City. 2008.Online BeginningsEnfinger, Jeremy. Subjects in Radiography. April 22, 2012Medicalxray.com.cn July 12/2010Dicomsolutions.com ( www.discomsolutions/ds-digital-radiology/acquire.html ) . 2011Dilulio, Renee. CR versus DR Which is the Techs Choice? ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.medicalimagingmag.com/issues/article s/2008-05_02.asp. May 2008hypertext transfer protocol //www.libraryindex.com/pages/1831/Health-Care-Institutions-TYPESHOSPITALS.html Health Care Institutions Types of Hospitals.2007Appendix 5 BUDGETARY RequirementBUDGETARY RequirementManpower ( Representation fee/ Burden fee )Statistician 3,000Research Adviser 4500 ( Proposal, Final )Validators of Research Instruments ( 3 ) 900Meals and bites 1500 Subtotal P 9,900Transportation system Allowance2 calendar months 5,330Office Supplies ( booklets, paper, cartridge, ink ) 1000A? of the Contingency Fund 1,623TOTAL P 17,853

Blade Runner

Texts offer insights into the human experience by conveying the judges and attitudes predominant in society at the time. The circumstance in which a text is composed affects the ideas that are explored and how they are presented. Invariably, texts from differing contexts sustain the composers to have different intents and present different notions due to the change of consultation and the discrimination in determine and attitudes they hold. However, some issues remain universal issues that transcend time.The human experience is how humanity perceives and conducts themselves, and the values and attitudes that are predominant in their nature at the time. These values and attitudes change in accordance to context, due to the ever evolving nature of the environment around us and humanity itself. Examples of issues that have changed in value over time are the ideas of nature and the environment, and the concept of science and religion. These notions are explored and can be compare d and contrasted in Ridley Scotts Blade Runner (The Directors Cut) and bloody shame Shelleys Frankenstein.The 19th century was a period of upcoming scientific & technological advancement, due to prominent scientists proposing controversial ideas, which defied the strict religious conventions of the period. Scientists such as Luigi Galvani, Giovanni Aldini and Erasmus Darwin put forth theories that placed man in the perceived almighty position of God, which in turn questioned the authenticity of the religious beliefs that society held. These theories, such as Galvanism, are evident in Shellys figure, most prominently in the animation of Frankensteins monster.This allusion to Giovanni Aldinis public experiments, where he manipulated electricity to cause corpses to move, conveys to the respondent a similar message to which Aldini did. Both Shelley and Aldini cause the society in which they were in to question the source of feeling, by presenting the notion that electricity was the run of life. However, this idea was perceived as work against God, as shown in Frankenstein through the quote the beauty of my dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust make full my content.The juxtaposition of the positive and negative connotations of beauty and disgust convey to the responder that the theories which catalysed the Scientific Revolution were initially considered beneficial to society, however, due to the controversy it caused, it was in any case considered blasphemous, and to an extent, the work of the devil. It is through this that an insight into the human experience is gained, an insight which reveals the value humanity placed on religion at the time and how the questioning of these values were sightly increasingly common.Blade RunnerTexts offer insights into the human experience by conveying the values and attitudes predominant in society at the time. The context in which a text is composed affects the ideas that are explored and how they are prese nted. Invariably, texts from differing contexts cause the composers to have different intents and present different notions due to the change of audience and the difference in values and attitudes they hold. However, some issues remain universal issues that transcend time.The human experience is how humanity perceives and conducts themselves, and the values and attitudes that are predominant in their nature at the time. These values and attitudes change in accordance to context, due to the ever evolving nature of the environment around us and humanity itself. Examples of issues that have changed in value over time are the ideas of nature and the environment, and the concept of science and religion. These notions are explored and can be compared and contrasted in Ridley Scotts Blade Runner (The Directors Cut) and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein.The 19th century was a period of upcoming scientific & technological advancement, due to prominent scientists proposing controversial ideas, which defied the strict religious conventions of the period. Scientists such as Luigi Galvani, Giovanni Aldini and Erasmus Darwin put forth theories that placed man in the perceived almighty position of God, which in turn questioned the authenticity of the religious beliefs that society held. These theories, such as Galvanism, are evident in Shellys work, most prominently in the animation of Frankensteins monster.This allusion to Giovanni Aldinis public experiments, where he manipulated electricity to cause corpses to move, conveys to the responder a similar message to which Aldini did. Both Shelley and Aldini cause the society in which they were in to question the source of life, by presenting the notion that electricity was the spark of life. However, this idea was perceived as work against God, as shown in Frankenstein through the quote the beauty of my dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart.The juxtaposition of the positive and negative connotations of beau ty and disgust convey to the responder that the theories which catalysed the Scientific Revolution were initially considered beneficial to society, however, due to the controversy it caused, it was also considered blasphemous, and to an extent, the work of the devil. It is through this that an insight into the human experience is gained, an insight which reveals the value humanity placed on religion at the time and how the questioning of these values were becoming increasingly common.

A Doll’s House †Henrik Ibsen Essay

Henrik Ibsens in one of his most revolutionary simulated military operations, A Dolls House, filled his set and floor with symbols that emphasised the idea that above everything, one must be an individual. Doors, macaroons and the tarantella are all symbols that are used by Ibsen to convey to the audience that the conduct of Nora and Torvald isnt what it seems to the naked eye. The doors in the dolls house set, are emphasised, to typify the separate worlds Nora and Torvald live in the illusive macaroons symbolise the control Torvald has over his wife and the wild tarantella dance is symbolic of Noras desire to escape from her restricted and heavily defined existence.Doors in A Dolls House are not just a wooden blocks that can be used as a thoroughfare in the midst of rooms they are used to distinguish between the two different spheres, Noras sphere and Torvalds sphere. All throughout the play, Nora never enters her husbands world. Guests for Torvald were instructed to not come in here (Noras living room), and they went on into Torvalds study. As Krogstad slammed the door on the way out of his house, Noras world was smashed into a million shards of tiny fragile pieces. The character of Nora is sent into a spiral of depression, anxiety and out-right craziness that turned a ostensibly normal dance into a nineteenth century movement of oppressed feelings.The macaroons that Nora possesses in the beginning of the play are more than just a roughhewn snack. Nora has the macaroons in the early stages of the play, with Torvald around. They give the audience the k like a shotledge of Noras child-like behaviour and emotions. All through A Dolls House, Torvald treats Nora like an unseasoned child, and the macaroons are one of many indications of this. She offers it to guests as they enter her world, but not to her husband, in which she hides them from him. The child-like behaviour is also witnessed in the scene where Nora is cont sack with her children, calling t hem little dolls and playing with them like they are her friends and shes not their mother. This child-like behaviour was encouraged by Torvald, by simple nicknames, such as frolic and mockingbird, to make Nora be more immature towards Torvald and keeping her youthfulness that he liked so much.The infamous dance, the tarantella, was an expression of the oppressed society that cleaning lady had to go through in the 19th century. The tarantella was used to convey emotions that woman couldnt express in normal, everyday life. They used raw thrust to express that raw emotion. In A Dolls House, Nora uses, just as other woman have, to express and release the oppressed emotion that was given by Torvald towards her. In the scene where Nora is dancing for Torvald as practice of the dance and Dr. Rank comes in, Torvald keeps telling Nora to stop it and do it as I say. Nora is completely oblivious to Torvald and keeps on dancing in her own style. Dr. Rank comes in and takes over Torvalds fi ctitious character as piano player to fuel the singe that Nora was burning. The dance becomes more and more wild as the scene progresses, until the music stops and Nora is just still. The oppressive moment of woman in the 19th century created this dance.A Dolls House uses this symbols of child-like behaviour, different worlds and an oppressed dance to show the audience that the world of the 19th century wasnt a blissful place where men and woman were equal in everything they had rights to, like they do now. Torvald showed that he was a man of conformity and tried his best to contort his family into the social norms of the time. Torvald never let Nora have her way and treated her like a child, making her regress into one and up to now making her be his child. She was frightened to wrong by her husband, even hiding a simple sweet from him so he wouldnt find out that she was eating it.By the end of A Dolls House , Nora grows up. After the problems arisen by Krogstad, she learns tha t her husband isnt her saviour anymore and she doesnt love him. The party ended when Torvald valued to leave. Nora got home and changed out of her formal attire, and into outdoor wear, making Torvald wonder, Why are you dressed like that? The taking off of her formal clothes gives the impression that Nora is now taking off her old life, her oppressed life, and starting afresh. After an emotional discussion with Torvald, she ends up leaving him and the children. Walking out of her house, through the door, again is symbolise the end of something. This time its Noras life with Torvald. As the door closes, this time its Torvald who breaks down, mirroring Noras emotions when Krogstad leaves theletter in the letter box.Symbolisation is a major part in any play, even more so in A Dolls House. The emotion scenes with Nora, Torvald, Dr. Rank and even Krogstad wouldnt be the same without objects such as the doors or macaroons, or the two different spheres dividing Noras world and Torvalds. The dance itself plays a vital role of showing emotion without the notice of Noras own husband. Without such devices, A Dolls House wouldnt be the same revolutionary play that we see today it would just be mere words on a page.BibliographyA Dolls House Henrik Ibsen

Chinese Starbucks Essay

1. Many of the like environmental factors, such as cultural factors, that operate in the domestic market also exist internationally. controvert the key cultural factors Starbucks had to consider as it ex-panded into mainland China. Starbucks has found success in the USA beca subroutine of marketing towards 20-40 year old men and women who be concerned with affable welfare thus creating the coffee house atmosphere-Heather Karr Employee of Starbucks in Madison, WI. The coffee house in the US includes college students studying, young professionals having casual meetings, Soccer Moms grabbing a cup of Joe later on dropping the kids off at school, etc.All-in-all Starbucks is selling not coffee but the idea of a coffee break, a time during the daytime that one can sit back, relax, and forget about the daily grind. Starbucks had to consider this as part of their main success and research Chinas last to see this same possibility existed for them there. Luckily they found that it did. Due to Chinas communistic government implementing a One Child uprightness the same age demographic surprisingly existed 20-40 year old men and women who want a place to socialize and take a break from their lives.The Family Planning Law in China was enforced to control the growing population in China, has many exceptions, and began in 1978 (enforced in 1979). Learning about this law in a history class previously, I never considered it in a marketing aspect. These individuals have grown up as single children and may have a sense of entitlement. They are well workd as the US media is always reporting on their countries amazing international grade reports. So, this group of Little Emperors are more aware of western culture than generations previous and Starbucks had to of discovered that they could give these people a taste of the western world.Lastly, Starbucks had to consider Chinas afternoon tea consumption before expanding. While the US likes their coffee, China prefers tea in their social events. How could Starbucks take their signature product of coffee and still be palmy? They had to sell the coffee house experience and thats exactly what they did. 2. Discuss the key political and legal factors Starbucks had to consider in the Chinese marketplace. What are the pretends of incoming a country with these factors? What changes have occurred in Chinas polit- ical and legal structure to the advantage of foreign companies?The standout political/legal factor for Starbucks expanding into China is Communism. Starbucks troupe originated in a democratic capitalistic country where it became successful. Expanding into China requires a lot of research into not just foreign laws but a genuinely strict and controlling government that frowns on western practices. In 1999 when Starbucks began its expansion they did it with joint ventures meaning they licensed the right for Chinese citizens to sell Starbucks coffee and use their logo. Joint ventures and dictatorship a re risky ideas and Starbucks could have easily failed.They made their risk minimal by only receiving royalty fees for the license to use their logo. China became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001 thus opening the ability for American companies to freely participate in their market. Starbucks took this prospect debase out is partners and take control over the 60 stores in existence in 2006. From 1999-2006, Starbucks had plenty of time to learn about Chinese culture and educate themselves in Chinese business that allowed them to feel confident about expanding in the future.3. What demographic factors were important for Starbucks to understand in China? What were the demographics they decided to target? As I stated in my answer to question one, Starbucks had to understand their own target demographic in the successful US market and see if they could double up that in China. Luckily for them it did. Political factors like the One Child Law gave way to a culture shift a mong previous generations that allowed for the 20-40 year old demographic to thrive.These citizens are independent, educated, and desire to socialize amongst their peers with no where to feel at home in. Starbucks, by tweeking their menu slightly and adding more dining space than other shops in other countries, adapted to these Chuppy demands and found success. 4. What was the initial global-market strategy Starbucks employed to enter China? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to this early strategy. How has their strategy changed since then and why? Initially Starbucks implemented a joint venture strategy.Meaning, they licensed their company for use in China believing that Chinese business individuals could have a better adventure at success than they could. They also took that opportunity to learn and educate themselves about Chinese culture and business all the while receiving royalties for the licenses. This was a minimal risk for them as China was not a country that allow ed a global market place to exist until its membership in the WTO in 2001. Their membership created an opportunity for Starbucks to take control of its licenses and eventually to expand further into the country.

Kung life Essay

1. How does lee(prenominal) assess the day-to-day quality of Kung life when they lived as foragers? How does this view comp ar with that held by many an(prenominal) anthropologists in the early 1960s? lee(prenominal) begins to assess the day-to-day quality of the Kung by keeping records of their sustenance sources and urine sources. He makes table depicting the Kungs movements during dry season to wells of fresh water. He documents how many different groups stay at which well. He tables all the easy species of crops and food and comes to the conclusion that disclose of 75 percent of the listed species of food the Kung atomic number 18 only using a selected few. One of the most utilized food is Mongongo nut that will grow in harsh weather conditions. A kang was documented saying wherefore should we plant, when there are so many mongongo nuts in the world. These charts indicate that the Kung are non sprightliness from hand to month on the verge to starvation as previously bel ieved. If the Bushmen were living on a starvation level then Lee theorizes that one would expect them to exploit every available source of nutrition.2. According to Lee, Kung children are not expected to work until after they are married older people are supported and wondered. How does this arrangement differ from behavior in our own society, and what might explicate the difference?In our own society children dont work until they are 14 or 15, some begin working at a younger age. A few 10 or 11 year olds with entrepreneurial spirits will go to houses offering services to cut lawns for $10 or what imbibe you. It biggest difference between is that young men or boys in the kung do not work until they are married. The possibility for that could bethe boy now has his own family now and must guide to the ladder in order to provide for his own faction of the family. Elders in my society and in American culture I believe are no respected, theyre forced into nursing homes or find the burden of one unlucky sibling. The kang respect and honor their elders possibly cause they honor beledge and elders living the longest have the most to offer.3. What was a key to successful subsistence for the Kung and other hunter-gatherers, according to Lee?Lee stated one of the dominant themes contri saveing to successful subsistence of the kung and other hunter gathers is the extreme importance of the milieu in molding their cultures. These cultures are exemplified by cases in which their technology was simple yet utilized in such harsh and extreme purlieus. Lee urges the shift of thinking of hunting and gathering cultures as a persistent and well-adapted way of life.4. In what ways has life changed for the Kung since 1964? What has caused these changes?Chapter 101. What about the Koyukon and Inupiaq pagan knowledge of their environment resembles the controlled studies characteristic of the scientific method? Are there differences?Unilineal evolutionists label hunters and g athers as crude or cultures that are less developed in terms of critical thinking. Lewis Henry Morgan would classify them savages, save the Eskimo cultures could debunk that theory. There is a lengthy cognitive process within the Eskimo ways of life. These hunters observe their ingrained environment in detail and get familiarized with it like scientists. They observe the animals they work with or hunt and develop theories about animal behavior and strategies to hunt their prey. Not only do they understand animal behavior from their studies but they also a wide array of knowledge about their buck. Thesetraditional hunters are indeed refined they know how critically think and used their cultural knowledge of animal behaviors and their land to survive in one of the most cold and barren parts of the world2. What do the Koyukon Indians have to know to successfull hunt a bear in the early winter?The Koyukon Indians must know how to find the bears den. The den entrances are hidden ben eath 18 inches of powdery vitamin C and are given away to subtle clues that the koyukon are familiar with. One of the clues are patches where no raft protrudes because the bear as clawed it away for insulation and faint cavities in the ground hinting of the footprint depressions in the moss below . After capturing the bear they must kill it in accordance to Koyukon customs and tradition. These rules and customs are set in place for the purpose of not disrupting the bears spirit and to show respect for the animal and the environment.3. How can Eskimos predict sudden sea squalls?The Eskimos predict the sudden sea squalls but studying the habits of revenue stamps. The elder Eskimo was explaining shut patterns for when a seal comes up for breathe under the water. If the seal comes out of the water to breath with its back arched up right to sky and its head fully out of the water exposed then the weather will be a normal. But if the seal surfaces faced down with halfway submerged und er water still then this was a poke for ominous weather to come that day.4. By what processes do Inupiaq and Koyukon learn about Nature and the behavior of animals?The processes of cultural knowledge that is learned by the Inupiaq and Koyuken are, in my opinion, a prolonged participant observation. These people spend generations reflection and living with the animals of their environments. Theyve learned hunting skills from polar bears, such as acting like a seal to sneak up on a seal. Many of their traditions andknowledge of the environment is passed though the generations through relieve oneself of participant observation. The men take the boys to hunt and they large amounts of time ceremonial occasion their life span watching these animals and living amongst them.