LPN Scope of Practice Essay

The Nurse is defined by the University of North Carolina as â€Å"the leader in providing compassionate, quality care, focusing on the unique needs of patients and their families.† It goes on to define the Nurse as someone who â€Å"collaborates with patients families and other health team members to plan and provide Nursing care that will achieve an optimal level of health and wellness, or when this is not possible, support the experience of loss and death.† I completely agree with these statements. Deciding to take on the role of a Nurse shows the selflessness of the person. It is making the decision to put someone else before one’s self. It is the act of transforming from whatever type of person they are on the outside of the work place, and becoming someone who is non-judgmental, optimistic, positive, caring, empathetic and has the understanding ability to be able to provide care while respecting the patient’s wishes and beliefs. I feel as if certain c haracteristics of the Nurse are not taught. These are personality traits that we are born with and whether or not we utilize them, is up to us. Other Characteristics of the Nursing role, I feel are obtained by training and education. For example, inserting a Foley catheter, or any sterile procedure for this matter, training has to take place for the Nurse to properly insert the catheter. We have to be trained how to properly open the package, how to move so that sterility isn’t broken and know proper techniques to insert the catheter. The Nurse must be trained on how to do this skill but unless she is educated, then the skill is useless. The Nurse is educate on rationales to each step, i.e.: Why am I doing this?, What am I  looking for? What do I do If this happens? How will this affect the patient? Nursing is an incredibly interesting field with many doors of opportunity. It is a field that interests me greatly. There are so many different areas of nursing which makes the learning process never ending. While pursuing my Nursing license, I find it extremely comforting to know that if I ever feel â€Å"burnt out† on a specific area of the field, I can move on to different areas. I am not obligated to do the same type of Nursing for the rest of my life. My options are endless. While comparing the roles of the Licensed Practical Nurse in North Carolina versus South Carolina, I was a little surprised at some of the differences. I had a very hard time finding specific skills that an LPN in NC could perform. We are directed straight other pages which don’t necessarily directly state do’s and don’ts. Some skills with both North Carolina and South Carolina can be performed by the LPN if, and only if, the employer has documentation of proper training, continuing educations courses, verification of skill competency by at least an RN, and frequent evaluation of the Nurse’s competency of completion with the skill being performed, on file. Both states have set rules on how much continuing education is necessary or how frequent the skill competencies should be evaluated. Both States allow the Licensed Practical Nurse to assist in preforming the initial assessment but are not allowed to make nursing diagnoses. They both allow the LPN to verify blood with an RN but LPNs are not allowed to hang blood. Neither state allow the LPN’s to do any pulmonary artery pressure or pronounce death. Also, in South Carolina the Licensed Practical Nurse cannot evaluate or stage p ressure ulcers, they can only document on the observations of the ulcer once the RN have evaluated and staged it. In North Carolina, the LPN can first assess and size the wound or ulcer or even change the dressing under a specific order and a Registered Nurse will verify the LPN’s evaluation. South Carolina does not allow LPNs to do any arterial punctures, but they can manage the site; LPN’s in North Carolina can complete arterial punctures for the collection of blood. The two differences that fascinated me the most dealt with acupuncture and cosmetic procedures. In North Carolina, the LPN, or the RN, cannot practice acupuncture. It is prohibited, unless an individual has completed a 3 year postgraduate acupuncture college or training program verified by the state. In South Carolina, an LPN can practice acupuncture  under a Licensed Acupuncturist as long as he/she has been trained under the employer, it is documented, and a request to practice has been approved by the state. With cosmetic procedures, in South Carolina a Licensed Practical Nurse can only apply chemical peels with less than twenty percent acid solutions and they may also do a microdermabrasion under a dermatologist. In North Carolina, a Licensed Practical Nurse can do a broad range of skills in the cosmetology field. He/She may give a microdermabrasion, chemical peels, give Botox, collagen injections and laser hair removal. With Botox and Collagen injections affecting the appearance so greatly, it is hard to believe that this is a skill that an LPN can become properly trained on. The Charge Nurse role is defined by the North Carolina Board of Nursing as â€Å"an RN who supervises and manages patient care delivery settings or groups of clients, usually for designated time periods.† It also defines the Nurse-In-Charge role as â€Å"the assigned role and responsibility of an LPN who participates in assuming the implementation of established health care plans for a designated number of clients under RN supervision.† Basically how I interpreted this was, the LPN can be the Manager when the Manager is away. The Licensed Practical Nurse will continue to work in the appropriate scope of practice and report to the Registered Nurse. The LPN will call to report updates or for guidance in certain situations. If the task at hand is not in the scope of practice for the LPN, the RN will be called to come in to make decisions or perform the tasks. Working in a long term care facility has helped me better understand the difference between the two, although we do not use the term Nurse-In-Charge as often as we should. On weekends we have two specific Nurses who work opposite weekends of each other and are delegated the responsibility of being the Nurse-In-Charge. On Fridays, before our Charge Nurse leaves for the weekend, she will do a quick run through with the Nurse-In-Charge for the weekend. They go through and talk about the â€Å"what if’s?† for the weekend, and what to do and not to do. These Nurses also know when a phone call needs to be placed to the Charge Nurse. Throughout the weekend, they call with updates and notify the Charge Nurse of any changes that have or are occurring with any health statuses of the Residents. Depending on the situation, the RN delegates appropriate tasks in the LPN’s scope of practice over the phone or, if another RN is not in the building, she will come into work if needed. It is said that we,  ourselves, are our biggest critics. For me this is extremely true, so when it came to trying to determine my strengths, it took a while. Based on what others have told me, I’ve got an abundance of patience and I also have good communication skills. I’ve always had strong relationships with my residents and their family members. When trying to decide what my strengths were, I had to ask myself â€Å"Why do the y like me?†, â€Å"Why do they treat me as if I’m a part of their family?† â€Å"Why do they trust me?†. What came to mind was the way I talk to them. I speak to residents and families the way I would hope to be spoken to, if the roles were reversed. I believe that good communication skills, including the ability to listen, would be something positive I could bring to the role of the LPN. I hope to be an influence to other Nurses who come in with bad attitudes and forget that their patients are humans too. To remember that even though they may be a â€Å"frequent flyer†, they are still human, they still make mistakes, and more than likely are in desperate need of kind words. I hope to influence others when it comes to being open minded and influence them when they go to pass judgment. I hope to bring more compassion, optimism, acceptance and leadership to the LPN Role. My weaknesses are my confidence in my decisions and my abilities. I second guess myself a lot and I constantly double check myself. This could work both ways, good and bad. I look for reassurance from others to ensure that I am right and I know that I won’t always be in a position where I can be reassured. I want to gain the confidence without becoming â€Å"the know it all.† A good quality Nurse is one who’s always willing to learn. Another weakness I have is my inability to handle the emotions of the family members during the harder times. Times like these are very awkward for me and I would like to get stronger in my ability to be comforting and supportive. I usually try to avoid these situations as much as possible because the wall that holds my emotions in during these times, is very thin. I need to learn how to be emotionally professional while still remaining to be human. Resources NURSE–IN-CHARGE ASSIGNMENT TO LPN Position Statement for RN and LPN Practice. (1996, January 2). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbon.com/myfiles/downloads/position-statements-decision-trees/nur se-in-charge.pdf LPN Scope of Practice Clarification. (2010, January 1). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbon.com/myfiles/downloads/position-statements-decision- trees/lpn-position-statement.pdf Mission and Philosophy. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://nursing.unc.edu/about/philosophy-of-nursing-and-nursing-education/ Infusion Therapy/ Access Procedures. (1998, May 1). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbon.com/myfiles/downloads/position-statements-decision-trees/infusion-therapy.pdf South Carolina Board of Nursing. (1989, November 1-Revised 2014, July 1). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://www.llr.state.sc.us/pol/nursing/index.asp?file=AdvisoryOp/advisoryop.htm

Should College Athletes Be Paid Essay

Why College Athletes Should Be Paid $53.4 Million the combined salary of the top 15 paid coaches in division 1 college football, $0 the combined salary of all student-athletes. Over the past few decades, college athletics have gained popularity across the United States. Whether it is football, basketball, or baseball, ever since the turn of the century, intercollegiate sports have brought in a surplus of revenue to their respective Universities. A recent study found that the University of Texas’ Athletic Program had the highest revenue of any other University at a little over $120 million. Yet with this large sum of money, NO college athletes are legally compensated for their work. According to NCAA rules, â€Å"You are not eligible for participation in a sport if you have ever: Taken pay or the promise of pay, for competing in that sport†. While it may seem odd and unjust to pay college athletes, the reality is that compensation of such athletes is a necessity not only to keep competition at a steady level in college athletics, but also to encourage students to graduate and get their college degrees. Student athletes should be compensated for their work, as they are the sole reason for the Athletic Program’s surplus in revenue. These athletes are working for the schools and are doing a service to the college that seems to go unnoticed. Colleges are using these athletes to boost their respective reputations and bring in revenue while not compensating these athletes for their work. Everywhere else athletes are paid, so why shouldn’t college students too? Some critics may argue that these student-athletes are amateurs, and if paid then are becoming professional athletes. The minor league for baseball could be considered an amateur sport, although they do receive pay according to the team’s revenue. Also, with all the time practicing and working in the classroom, how many athletes have time to actually get a job? Another argument that supports paying college athletes is that these â€Å"full-ride† scholarships given to the best athletes do not actually cover all their expenses. Many athletes still can’t afford to have their parents come to the stadium and watch the games. With all of the respect and publicity of these athletes, it goes unnoticed that a great deal of the players live very near to the poverty line. Due to this lack of money, black-markets are created. Here, boosters that represent the University give these playersâ€℠¢Ã‚  cars, spending money, or anything they truly want, and in return, these players go to their respective University. There have been many instances of this before, one prominent example is that of Reggie Bush, the running back for the University of Southern California from 2003-2005. Bush was paid by boosters to attend USC, which violated NCAA rules. Bush’s mother was having trouble paying rent for her apartment at the time in Pasadena. Bush felt obligated to take this offer, as there was no other way to make money and pay for his mother’s home. These boosters’ actions are not only are illegal, but create unfairness in competition amongst the NCAA. These universities that violate NCAA rules have an upper edge in recruiting top prospects. Schools are then tempted to violate such rules to even out the playing field. The last and arguably the most important reason to pay college athletes, is that it will ensure that most student-athletes will complete their college degrees. â€Å"Paying student-athletes would provide an incentive to stay in school and complete their degree programs, instead of leaving early for the professional leagues† Which brings me back to the question, â€Å"Should college athletes get paid?† If athletes are paid to play, not only can they cover some of their college expenses that scholarships couldn’t, but also now they will want to finish their education. NCAA prides itself on all student-athletes are students first and athletes second, however, it seems that more popular athletes leave early for the pros. In college basketball, many freshman stars are referred to as â€Å"one and done† players as they complete one year of college and go to the professional leagues early, as they want money and need it as soon as possible. The importance of their education is lost. The University seems to be hypocritical in its actions when it doesn’t pay its athletes, because it seems they support college athletes leaving for the Professional league early. One author suggests that every university pays the same flat rate to each college athlete for three years, and then offer a raise to senior athletes. This bonus will create that incentive for students to receive their degrees. While it may seem odd and unjust to pay college athletes, the reality is that compensation of such athletes is a necessity not only to keep competition at a steady level in college athletics, but also to encourage students to graduate and get their college degrees. The truth of the matter is that many college athletes are already being paid under the  table which creates a black-market that is not only illegal, but is also unfair to universities that abide by NCAA regulations. Universities are exploiting these students and allowing them not to receive any revenue that they clearly earned. College Athletes Should Be Paid! Works Cited â€Å"College Athletics.† Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_athletics. Transcript of Informational Hearing: College Athletes. Sacramento, CA, Senate Publications, 2003.

Centre And Then Compare Their Efficiency Essay -- Variable cost, Costs,

ï‚ § Market based transfer pricing – In this case Country A charges Country B according to the market price. Therefore, the manager’s performance is comparable as both have opportunity to make profit. ï‚ § Negotiated Transfer Pricing – Here the prices are negotiated, keeping profit margin for each of them. In this case they are also comparable. ï‚ § Full cost transfer pricing – In this case, the suppliers do not keep profit for their division, instead full cost is transferred to another department and the final profit is made by the last department. Thus, the profit centres are not comparable to each other. ï‚ § International transfer pricing – Since we know they trade among each other across borders also, they also need to be aware of taxation rates, currency rates, transportation costs and local suppliers in different countries in order to set prices. Here, each portfolio cannot be compared based on profit margins. c) Improves efficiency and speed of decision making: As the profit centre managers have authority to decide on their suppliers, customers, selling prices, etc, they have the opportunity to perform tasks at a faster pace and increased efficiency. d) No risk of reduced profitability: Revenue centre managers are only responsible for generating sales, and they do it at the cost of reduced profitability, but profit centre managers generate revenue making sure profits are earned. 6.2 Now let us discuss the Drawbacks of the profit centre managers: a) Unable to make capital investments: Profit centre managers are not authorized to make investment decisions; resulting in loosing opportunity to make profitable investment in specif... ... middle of paper ... ... 20 Unit variable cost of buying 7 15 20 24 (4) 1 3 4 Annual requirements (units) 3000 4000 5000 6000 So, Extra Variable Cost of Buying (12000) 4000 15000 24000 Fixed Cost of Buying 1000 2000 3000 4000 Extra total cost of buying (13000) 2000 12000 20000 Assuming that fixed cost will remain constant whether or not the company buys or makes the products, the relevant cost of manufacture will be considered the variable cost. In this circumstance, the company should only buy products if the

Graduate nursing program application form question Essay

Graduate nursing program application form question - Essay Example I am currently in my 3rd and final year in the University of South Australia studying for a nursing degree. In the course of my studies, I have acquired competencies in the theoretical and practical aspects of nursing practice. I was privileged to undertake my first placement at Oaklands Park Residential Care Facility, and second clinical placements at the Ashford Private Hospital. In the two placements, I learned a lot of clinical nursing skill in the real situation. In the first placement, I acquired skills in taking care of the aged, as well as identifying and assessing their needs to improve their quality of life. While working in the surgical ward in my second placement, I acquired skills in caring for patients prior to and after operation.  I believe that my experience and qualifications will enable me to offer quality services while working in your organization. I am enthusiastic about hearing from you. Once you offer me the opportunity to work for the organization, I will devote a considerable amount of my time and efforts to maintain its reputation. I believe that my contribution together with that of the other employees within the organization will contribute to the accomplishment of organizational goals. I will highly appreciate your consideration. My short term career goals are to develop put the skills I have acquired in my nursing studies in order to emerge as an expert in the profession, and to gain exposure to the real situation in the place of work through interacting with patients and the hospital’s management. These short term goals will help me accomplish my mission and long term goal of assisting the public through provision of quality healthcare. This will satisfy my desire to be in a position to help people regain good health and live good quality lives. I have shown commitment personally and professionally by

Groupbased assignment for Financial data analysis Essay

Groupbased assignment for Financial data analysis - Essay Example The report analyses the risk and return of these two companies. Then the cost structure of these companies is compared. The first part of the report focuses on calculating the means and the variances of the two companies. 'Mean' provides a measure of average return to investors while the 'variance' and hence the 'standard deviation' indicate risk. The second part of this report focuses on calculating the cost of capital for DGSE COMPANIES INC to aid the appraisal of a project under scrutiny. The cost of capital is the "opportunity cost of an investment; that is, the rate of return that a company would otherwise be able to earn at the same risk level as the investment that has been selected". CAPM will be used as the model. The equity cost of capital is found by accumulating the data relating to the company's and market returns at different points in time. The calculations yield a mean value of 0.026557 for DGSE COMPANIES INC and 0.014395 for PUBLIC SERVICE ENTRP GRP INC. These figures can be interpreted as for an investor investing $1 in DGSE COMPANIES INC and $1 in PUBLIC SERVICE ENTRP GRP INC, after a month he will get an average holding period return of 2.6 cents and 1.4 cents on his investments respectively. The Variance and the closely related Standard Deviation are measures of dispersions, which indicate how the possible values are spread around the mean and are an indicator of risk. For the purpose of calculations, the following formula is used for variance: As per the calculations, the monthly variance for DGSE COMPANIES INC is 0.0401 (4.01 %) and for PUBLIC SERVICE ENTRP GRP INC is 0.0050 (0.5%). The square roots of these figures give the monthly standard deviation which equals 0.200 (20%) and 0.0707 (7%), respectively. The Variance is indicative of volatility, hence the risk. It indicates how risky the investment is. A Comparison of risk and return of the two companies will give a clear idea. Table 1. RISK - RETURN RELATIONSHIP S.No Company Name Risk (%) Variance Return (%) - Mean 1 DGSE COMPANIES INC 4.01 2.6 2 PUBLIC SERVICE ENTRP GRP INC 0.5 1.4 The famous phrase "Higher the risk, higher the return" holds well in our case. Chart 1 Source: Primary Table 2. YEAR WISE RETURN COMPARISON YEAR DGSE PUBLIC 1997 0.0932 0.0212 1998 0.0418 0.0270 1999 0.0895 -0.0058 2000 0.0449 0.0401 2001 -0.0188 0.0034 2002 -0.0849 -0.0142 2003 0.0806 0.0318 2004 0.0199 0.0202 2005 -0.0269 0.0229 2006 0.0261 0.0063 Chart 2 Source: Primary CALCULATION OF MINIMUM VARIANCE PORTFOLIO S.No Company Name Risk (%) Variance Return (%) - Mean 1 DGSE COMPANIES INC 4.01 2.6 2 PUBLIC SERVICE ENTRP GRP INC 0.5 1.4 The total portfolio return considering equal proportion of each companies share is (0.5)*2.6 + (0.5)*1.4 = 2% By Trial and error method, the minimum variance portfolio is arrived at respective

The Disillusionment of College Sports in America Essay

The Disillusionment of College Sports in America - Essay Example This paper will depict the fact that college sports are disillusionment as they seek to benefit the colleges and not the college athletes. The film, â€Å"Hoop Dreams† depicts the lives of two African-American teenagers, William Gates and Arthur Agee as they pursue their dreams of becoming NBA stars. Indeed, they want to use basketball as a leeway to their financial and social woes. Fortunately, a scout from St. Joseph High School, which has a magnificent basketball program and great basketball alumni, like NBA. However, the film negates the idea that college athletic is a game by asserting that William strived to please everybody’s expectations when his knee is shot just when he had immense passion for the game. Notably, St. Joseph High School did not give the two teenagers full sponsorship but partial scholarships because they wanted to relate the sponsorship with the benefits that the double will bring to the school. Ideally, William was more gifted than Arthur a they joined different basketball teams in the school. Indeed, Pingatore, the coach compares William with Isiah Thomas, the NBA star who was al so a recruit of the same school. Notably, Arthur was both slow in class and on the court. As a result, the coach drops Arthur from the squad where he consequently lost the scholarship. This manifests the disillusionment that the school wanted to accrue benefits from Arthur and had to drop him since he could not advance to a perfect basket baller. Indeed, Arthur had to go back to public school. Unfortunately, he would still not graduate in the public school without transfer credits from St. Joseph's who had already withheld his credits due to accrued tuition arrears. In fact, had the school not offered him a scholarship, there would not be any arrears and hence the schools did not seek to benefit Arthur recruiting him to their basketball program. Indeed, it is clear that the school was only looking for looking for a basketball player and not for tuition fees. We can thus ascertain that the school did not aim at helping worthy students but at finding good basketball players who they d rop if they fail to make the target. At the same time, the article by Taylor Branch, â€Å"Shame of College Sports,† defines college sports as a real scandal aimed at generating financial revenue for the for universities and private companies as the college athletes earn nothing. Indeed, the article presents the case of a civil-rights historian seeking for the payment of college athletes. Indeed, the film portrays the lack of concern for the scholars after suffering injuries that jeopardize their progress on the court. However, the two lads survived the setbacks and continued with their pursuit where colleges recruited them. Actually, some college athletes suffer lifetime injuries and do not earn anything for that. The article claims that commercial interests buy schools and buy coaches to the disregard of the college athletes. In fact, Sonny Vaccaro told a closed hearing at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C., in 2001 that they seek to put their materials on the athleteâ⠂¬â„¢s’ bodies by buying their school or their coach. Specifically, the Knight Foundation has interest in college athletics where it guards the interests of the likes of Vaccaro. Moreover,

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Management - Essay Example 1-13). The different strategies are analyzed and their sustainability evaluated. Also, recommendations and justification are given for other relevant strategies. Discussion The Samsung Electronics has been involved in accumulation of knowledge over the last few decades. However, the company is facing tough competition from other companies. The increase in the overseas production has impacted on the strategic response in Korea. The production network in Samsung extends beyond the ASEAN region through to China and India. Ration of the overseas production to the total production has in the recent years increased sharply. The competition is intense towards the cost-driven struggle for the low-end markets (Leachman & Jeenyoung 2002, p. 61-77). The three major electronics producers in Korea; Samsung, Daewoo and Goldstar, have expressed their intention in increasing the overseas production. By early 1990s, the Samsung Electronics performed an organization integration meant to increase the c oordination between the marketing, production and research across and within the product lines. By 1992, the multiple product sectors were fully under the control of Kim Kwang Ho, who was the CEO and the head of the semiconductor operation. The company started initiating more radical reforms by mid 1993 who improved the dissemination of knowledge within the group. The semi-conductor sector enhanced the technological synergy in other related businesses. For instance, the production of the DRAM technology led to the precision of the Samsung electronics leading to significant improvement in technology. The product design capability is an important strategy by Samsung to enhance the internationalization of production where the low-value-added goods were produced while new products prevented hollowing out of production in Korea. The increased changes of the competition conditions increased the difficulties in foreign licensing and the designs turned out to be very complex. Samsung began acquiring some new capabilities through direct acquisition of foreign firms. The R&D operations in Samsung have been continually centralized Samsung Electronics had strategized on the release of new devices to expand the line-up based on the conditions in the market. This was to prevent overreliance on the android Platform from Google. This sought for the reduction of dependency on Android (Bong & Jinjoo 2004, p. 16). The company produces TFT monitors with the corporate customers being in mind. This strategy necessitates an approach where the company identifies potential markets among the business users whose employees have a high likelihood of spending long hours on a computer screen. The company also targets other markets such as the high street shops that use TFTs for the point of sale terminals. The company uses the radical market strategy to encourage high purchases of their products. The head office in Korea has played a crucial role in introducing strong brand awareness as we ll as instilling good product perceptions. Assessing the sustainability of this strategy, the company has been able to realize high profiles as well as creating high profile for their brand (Chung & Karen 2009, p. 20-27). Samsung Electronics is relatively new in mobile communications. Having established in CDMA markets in Korea and USA, Samsung has decided to incorporate global

Research paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Research - Term Paper Example Stephen Crane’s â€Å"Open Boat† inspires me in such a way that it reflects my idea of fate and the indifference of God. The story has four men stranded in the middle of the ocean in a small boat. They all have remained hopeful despite the adversities they have encountered only to realize in the middle of the story that neither God nor nature ever cared for them. These men catch sight of a shore some 20 miles away from where they are as there was a lighthouse from a visible distance. However, they realize that the people in those places do not even see them. They have traveled so far and worked so hard to survive only to realize that their chances of drowning are now greater and worse. Then, with rage, they then turn against fate. This is reflected when one says, â€Å"If I am going to be drowned, then why not before I had even savored life like this? Fate is therefore unfair and preposterous!† (Crane, â€Å"Open Boat† 1994). They say this because these me n have worked so hard to almost the point of exhaustion just to be able to see a shore where nobody seems to see them and whose distance they seem unable to reach. They feel so cheated for they believe that after long hours of trying to survive, they deserve their reward of being rescued. Surely, if there were just an order in the universe, then they would be rewarded for all their efforts. They are all therefore made to believe that whoever struggles and makes an effort would sooner or later be rewarded. However, life is unfair, as I have always believed it. The four men’s unmet expectations make them hate fate because they realize that nature is indifferent to them. Nature is somehow giving them a message that the sun will keep on rising and setting even if they have to die. These men want some sympathy from nature for they believe they deserve it at that point in their lives, but they finally realize that

Human Resources Management in the Navy and Marine Corps Term Paper

Human Resources Management in the Navy and Marine Corps - Term Paper Example Strategies like Sea Power 21 and Marine Corps Strategy 21 are being used to define the paths to meet future uncertainties emerging from the rapidly changing global environment. In order to overcome the emerging challenges the naval operations must be technologically armed through scientific and technological innovations. The army is required to improve its tracking mechanism in rightly identifying terrorist operations with considerable accuracy and thereby to act promptly. In turn the strategic levels concerning tactical, operational and strategic operations with the support services create further development of the army personnel. The naval personnel operating along the above lines are thereby required to exhibit higher amount of competencies, be much aware to the changing situations and to act accordingly. To sum up the modern naval force needs to speed up their activities, be flexible to the changing environment and must be accurate and sure in countering such. Hence, the process es built during the cold war era in the naval system are observed to have become outdated. Thus emerges the need for a newer process known as Naval 21. (England, 2003) The paper in this light aims to highlight the changes in human resource practices in United States Navy and Marine Corps on a wider plane. The Human Resource Management Operations in the United States Navy require sea changes in respect to some key areas. In regards to Workforce Structure it is observed that in the current system the structure is hierarchical. The model was developed to fit in all situations. However, the Naval 21 Model emphasizes in the creation of a flat organization. It states that the flat organization would help in empowering employees with increased responsibilities. Moreover, the technology used in the Human Resource Operations currently is observed to be fragmented. The deployment pattern of the fragmented technology is found to be slow in pace. Thus the Naval 21 Model

Credit Protection Identity Theft Essay Example for Free

Credit Protection Identity Theft Essay 1. If you find errors on your credit report, what steps would you take to correct them? In my personal experience, I had an error on my credit report when I was applying for a loan with my bank. I did not get approved for my loan even though one month prior I was approved and I had a low interest rate due to my high score. A few days later I received a letter in the mail explaining why along with my current credit report which dropped almost 100 points. I emailed one of the bureaus, explaining that there was an error with my report. I had to mail in a copy of 2 forms of ID, my letter stating my â€Å"current† credit report and the letter I received a month prior. Within a short time, they corrected my credit score. 2. There are many organizations that claim they will repair your credit for a fee. From your readings, should someone use a credit repair service? Why or why not? What are some actions these organizations can take that should be a red flag? Based on my readings and personal experience, people should not use credit repair services because the ratio of scams out there online are very high. In the technology age we are in, it is very easy to fall victim to identity theft, even from a simply online purchase. With that same concept, â€Å"free† credit reports and repair services are not excluded just because it claims to help. Only one website is authorized under law to disclose such personal information to you via internet that is certified; annualcreditreport.com. Any other type of website that offers free reports are not part of the legally mandated free annual credit report program. If yu receive any emails, asking you to disclose personal information, it is a scam and should be reported. 3. Have you, a family member, or a friend been a victim of identity theft? How did it happen? Describe the resolution process- ex. how much time did it take, what credit damage was corrected? My Master Sergeant I worked for while in the Marine Corps was a victim of identity theft while temporarily overseas. He used his government credit card in Europe to pay for his hotel room. 2 weeks later, when he was back in the states, the bank called him to confirm that he had been in Asia and the Middle East within 24 hours. He put a freeze on all his accounts and had to file a report of the incident. After the claim was routed, he was reimbursed and had to reopen a new account for his government credit card. 4. Using the FTC site, what can you do to minimize the chance of your identity getting stolen? To minimize the chance of my identity getting stolen, per off the FTC site, I should have a safety lockbox to store all my personal information in. I should minimize what I carry with me while I’m not home to the essentials so I may reduce the risk at having an identity theft. I should also shred receipts, bank statements, credit applications, checks, and any other forms of sensitive information when I’m through with the document and I no longer need it. I should be aware of the lock icon in the URL when giving out personal information on the web to ensure the transmission is secure. Finally, I should not over share on social media websites.

Critical Period for Language Acquisition Chomsky

Critical Period for Language Acquisition Chomsky Chomsky claimed that there was a critical period for language learning which was first proposed by Eric Lenneberg. He claimed, as Cook Newson (1996:301) explain, that there is a critical period during which the human mind is able to learn language; before or after this period language cannot be acquired in a natural fashion. Although the rare cases of feral children who had been deprived of first language in early childhood seems to support the idea of critical period but it is not known for definite if deprivation was the only reason for their language learning difficulties as Sampson (1997:37) points out, it is not certain if children in cases of extreme deprivation have trouble learning language because they have missed their so-called critical period or if it is because of the extreme trauma they have experienced.Although Chomsky was a very influential and successful nativist, Sampson (1997:159) claims his theories were given a helping hand by external circumstances. Behaviourist Theory and Chomskys Innatism Further, reasoning the success of these new nativist writers Sampson says When Chomsky originally spelled out an argument, the reader would assess it and might detect its fallacies; but when recent writers refer to something as having been established back in the 1960s-70s, most readers are likely to take this on trust, for lack of time and energy to check the sources.Finally, on the subject of nature vs. nurture debate, which so heavily involves Chomsky, it seems impossible to distinguish whether language is only acquired due to environmental exposure or simply due to innate faculties. From the evidence it seems that humans possess innate capabilities which enable linguistic development, but the correct environment, with exposure to adult language throughout the critical period, also seems to be necessary in order for a child to develop and become a proficient speaker. Singleton evaluates the scenario in these words, The one qualification that might be entered with regard to such evidence is that deprivation of language input during the phase in a childs life when cognitive development is at its most intense may have quite general psychological/cognitive effects, and that it may be these general effects that are reflected in later language development rather that effects relating specifically to a critical period for language (Singleton 1989, 54). The behaviourist theory is also contradicted by the fact that young children very often make intelligent mistakes as they learn a language. As they progress beyond the two-word stage, they begin to understand and try to express more complex concepts, such as plurality, past tense and negation. Mistakes such as sheeps, goed, and I no want to, are all formed from formulae in the English language. In the first case, the child has grasped the general rule that /s/ at word endings implies more than one, but has not yet distinguished irregularities. The same applies to the second; /ed/ is a regularised past tense ending. In the third instance, the child definitely understands the concept of negation, but cannot yet distinguish between the different forms of expressing it (such as do not, dont; will not, wont; no; none etc) or completely comprehend the complex syntax involved. (Foster-Cohen, 1999, 89) If children only learned through repetition and imitation, would they be able to produce u tterances with grammar applied that they would never have heard their parents use? Chomsky and the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) Therefore there must be more to a childs linguistic development than simply social factors. Theories suggesting that the human brain has a unique capacity for language which is genetic and exists from before birth include Chomsky and the Language Acquisition Device, Piaget and Cognitive theory and Lenneberg and the Critical Period. The Language Acquisition Devise (LAD), according to Chomsky, is an inborn mechanism facilitating the learning of language, consisting of neural wirings and brain structures unique to human beings. A child does not need to be taught language formally, but simply needs to be exposed to adult speech. This effortless discovery of the language system is due to LAD. Chomsky, 1986, 118) The four properties of LAD are: Ability to distinguish speech sounds from over environmental sounds Ability to organise linguistic events into various properties Knowledge that only a certain kind of linguistic system is possible Ability to engage in constant evaluation of developing linguistic systems, such as generating new sentences and selecting the correct tense. Chomsky argues that language develops in a uniform way, which is genetically determined, and that learning develops in an individual with the trigger of experience. The human brain is ready for language intake from birth, and exposure to adult speech activates it. An ancient experiment where an emperor ordered for a group of children to grow up in isolation with no exposure to language resulted in none of them developing language for communication. This shows that exposure to adult language is essential for linguistic development, as language will not appear without it. A childs language develops through hypothesis testing: deciding an utterance and trying it on parents. Through trial and error, their speech will eventually correspond to adult speech. Chomskys LAD theory therefore does tie in with the behaviourist theory, but maintains that language acquisition is much more complex then simply imitation because innate faculties are also involved. If language development is dependent on the environment triggering the LAD, what is it that determined how and when children learn what? Certainly, the same stages of linguistic acquisition occur for all children (i.e. holophrastic, two-word, telegraphic), in the same order and at roughly similar ages.Piagets Cognitive Theory identifies language as an element of knowledge acquisition. He believed that the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures replacing one another by a process of inclusion of lower, less powerful logical means into higher and more powerful ones up to adulthood. This means that childrens logic and thinking methods are originally different to adults. Piagets cognitive theory suggests language is one of many cognitive behaviours, and it emerges from cognitive development or learning to think and problem solve. However, this theory is contradicted by the cocktail party chatterer children. Observations of these children have suggested that an ability to cope with language structure is largely separate from general intelligence. They talk for the sake of talking and their sentences may not make sense. However, as the behaviourist theory might have suggested, they are not simply repeating phrases they have heard, because they make grammatical mistakes such as three tickets were gave out by a police last year which they would not have heard said. A theory which would explain why these cocktail party chatterers could be able to speak fluently even with a very low non-verbal I.Q. is Lennebergs Critical Period Theory. He considered language to be an example of maturationally controlled behaviour, like walking and sexual behaviour, which is genetically programmed to emerge at a particular stage in an individuals life. Learning is required, but cannot be significantly hastened by coaching. Aitchinson Reith tells us no external event or conscious decision causes it, and a regular sequence of milestones can be charted. When the brain is in this period, lateralisation occurs, when the two sides of the brain develop specialised functions. Lenneberg recognised that in an adult brain, language is found only in the left hemisphere, whereas in infancy it is more spread out, meaning the infant brain has equipotential. Feral Children Phenomenon So-called feral children, those that have had no exposure to language in their critical period have helped to credit Lennebergs theory. Genie is an example. She was kept in appallingly deprived conditions, with almost no social contact or exposure to language until she was found at age thirteen. Attempts were made to teach her language, but although she progressed to the two-word and three-word stages like most children, her lack of morphology was never remedied. She only grasped simple grammatical concepts. Had and gave where her only past tenses which were used rarely and her only auxiliary was be; never have or must. She never used the demonstratives there or it although there were attempts at the definite article the. Genie demonstrates that after the critical period, pragmatic skills can still be developed but the structural knowledge of language is lost. She suggests that a child must be exposed to language during the critical period, and that after puberty language acquisition cannot reach its normal end point. (Snow, Hoefnagel, 1978, 1116) This suggests that universal grammar is no longer operative as an LAD. About Genies case, De Villiers is of the opinion that It is unnecessary to explain that such circumstances did not leave Genie intact in body and mind. However, although she was malnourished, there was no evidence of physical abnormalities sufficient to account for her behaviour, for she had adequate hearing, vision and eye-hand coordination. She was severely disturbed emotionally, having frequent but silent tantrums, yet there were no other symptoms of childhood autism. The most likely explanation was the chronic social deprivation she had suffered for those twelve years (De Villiers De Villiers 1978, p.215) Critical Period and Language Acquisition What the critical period theory does fail to emphasise is the way in which children learn language, concentrating more on the scientific explanation for why they are able to. The fact that children definitely need exposure to adult speech in order to learn language has already been discussed. But the reasons that humans, as social animals, need language have not been covered by any of the previously mentioned theories. Through studying his own son, Halliday identified five main purposes children need language for. These functional frameworks can be distinguished from childrens utterances even before recognisable words can be articulated, i.e. in the childs proto-language. Interpersonal functions are when the child is increasing and extending his capacity for engaging linguistically with others, for opening and sustaining dialogue with them. These include Instrumental, to satisfy material needs, for example /na/ when requesting an object. This is the I want function of language. The regulatory function is used to control behaviour of others, such as /ee/ meaning do that again! This is the do what I say function of language. Ideological functions are the aspects of adult language systems concerned with giving shape to and expressing events and the external world, and also the internal world of consciousness. (Jackson Stockwell, 1996, 170) The heuristic function is where a child uses language to explore its environment, such as requesting the name of and object. (Harley, 1989, 166). This is the tell me why function of language. The personal function enables the child to communicate his identity by expressing pleasure or interest, for example /a/ for thats nice. This is the here I come function of language. Hallidays language functions propose that both proto-language and later linguistic development can be identified by frameworks. These frameworks are factors which are important for humans to establish relationships with others, satisfy material wishes and to find out about the environment in which they live. All of the theories discussed in this essay have their merits, because the reason humans learn language and the way in which they do so are determined by many factors. Humans do uniquely possess innate faculties which enable linguistic development, but the correct environment, with exposure to adult language throughout the critical period, must be present in order for a child to develop and become a proficient adult speaker. Lexical Development Lexical development also continues after puberty, and, according to some suggestions, may continue throughout our lives, as people are continually interested in learning new things (Singleton 1989, p.56). Diller (1971) points out that twelve year olds have a recognition of about 135,000 words, Harvard freshmen know about 200,000 words, the typical thirty year oold PhD student know about 2,500,000 words. Vocabulary development continues in a natural, almost unnoticed fashion as long as one lives and is interested in new things. There have been several studies that strongly support Lennebergs hypothesis. Among the most prominent are feral children. Feral children are persons that have been linguistically isolated. When they were found, most were unable to pick up on language abilities. These cases propose that there may be a critical age in which any child who has somehow missed out on learning a language will never fully master one. (Macwhinney, 2004, 910) Genie never learned proper grammar or sentence structure. Other cases of feral children include: Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron (who was found at age 11) and Kamala of Midnapore (who was found at age 8), both never learned language correctly either. Therefore, although Lennebergs hypothesis is not proven, feral children forcefully support it. Critical Period Hypothesis and Empirical Evaluation The Critical Period Hypothesis is further supported by experiments about second language acquisition. Lenneberg believed that the language acquisition device, like other biological functions, works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time (p. 19). Aitchison (1998, p.88) goes for a general outcome by saying that young children who start signing early because of their deaf parents end up more proficient that those who have hearing parents. The Ildefonso case is probably used against the hypothesis of upper limit critical period because he has shown nearly full competence in sign language despite his late start which was far beyond puberty. Psycholinguistic, a branch of linguistics theory covers the cognitive process that discusses the process as how to generate a grammatical and meaningful sentence out of vocabulary and grammatical structure, as well as the process to make it possible to understand utterances, words, texts, etc. It concentrates in the internal process of acquiring language and their effect on language learning. Whereas, adults can perform and develop many aspects of new ways of language and vocabulary (Singleton:1989,p.55) One internal factor is the development of Interlanguage, which is developed by learners of a second language who have not become fully proficient, but are only approximating the target language. Learners use some features of their first language during speaking and writing and they also create their own innovations; it is a system based upon the best attempt for learners to provide order and structure to the linguistic stimuli surrounding them. Interlanguage is particularly based on the learners experience on the target language. The learner creates an interlanguage using different learning strategies such as language transfer, overgeneralization and simplification. Language learning acquisition is a gradual process where errors will be unavoidable, but learners will slowly and tediously succeed in establishing closer and closer approximations to the system used by native speakers. Educators can give appropriate feedback after checking learners interlanguage, and assure learners that making mistakes is a procedure of development from the mother tongue to the second language. Universal Grammar Orientation Universal Grammar is another theory that explains failure of second language competence. It is said that Universal Grammar is a natural unconscious ability present at birth, that is a knowledge of grammar. This does not imply that a person does not make mistakes, but that they do make mistakes but irregular types of errors, and somehow a person has the ability to accept these errors and re-apply them. The set of grammatical rules are learned through conditioning, meaning that if a person when learning their mother language never heard anyone make mistakes, then he or she learns it that way. With Universal Grammar set in place at birth, the person is able to take on whichever language he or she is exposed to, as all languages have common elements and are inter-adaptable. This theory does not state that all human languages have the same grammar, or that all humans are encoded with a structure that underlies all surface grammatical expressions of each and every specific human language. But it implies that Universal Grammar suggests a set of rules that would explain how a person acquires their language or how they construct valid sentences of their language. (Chomsky, 1972, 37) This theory explains that grammar is the system of principles, conditions, and rules that are properties of all human language. Second Language Learning And Critical Period Learners begin by transferring the sounds and meaning, words order into the learning of the second language. By doing this an obstruction of the second language acquisition starts to raise, the learner starts to confuse the grammatical rules of the first language with the second language creating an incorrect language learning process. When learning a second language, a learner uses this language transfer concept as a strategy to have an uncomplicated language learning process. The learner uses parts of the analysis of one language in order to manage with the unclear grammatical rules of the target language. Learners when presenting or expressing their ideas, opinions and statements in the target language, tend to consider and apply the same grammatical structures of their first language; this transferring interferes with the proper application of the grammatical structure of the target language. The Monitor Model is another likely explanation for this second language incompetence. T his theory is characterized of five hypotheses. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis involves that there are two independent systems of second language performance; acquisition is the result of a subconscious process similar to childrens mother language acquisition and requires life-like second language interaction, which concentrates on communication rather than accuracy. On the other hand, learning occurs through formal instruction and includes a conscious process, which results in knowledge of the target language. Learned knowledge permits learners to read and listen more so that the acquisition is effectual. The Natural Order Hypothesis; suggests that just as first language learners, second language learners seem to acquire the characteristics of the target language in an obvious order. Contrary to intuition, the rules which are easier to state and to learn are not necessarily the first to acquire. It is observed that the natural order is independent of the order in which rules have been learned in class. Monitor Hypothesis The Monitor Hypothesis; states that a learners learned system acts as a monitor to what they are producing. In other words, while only the acquired system is able to produce spontaneous speech, the learned system is used to check what is being spoken, this occurs before or after the interaction is made, but not at the same time. The interlocutor therefore monitors their spontaneous speech using what they have learned. The Monitor Model then predicts faster initial progress by adults than children, as adults use their monitor when producing statements in the target language before having acquired the ability for natural performance, and adults will input more into conversations earlier than children. Input Hypothesis The Input Hypothesis states that only understandable input will produce acquisition of the target language. It is implied that learners must be exposed to input that is higher than their actual level of knowledge of the target language in order to produce a result in the acquisition of the target language. Because some instances learners do not posses that higher level of input, the development and improvement of the target language will not occur. The Affective Filter Hypothesis affirms that the learners emotional state acts as flexible filters that freely permit or obstruct input necessary to acquisition. It is said that adolescence and puberty are not effective periods for second language acquisition due to the hormonal changes that occur during that development period. The Sociolinguistic theory is concerned with the effect of all aspects of society in the learning process of the target language such as cultural norms, expectations and context on the way language is applied. It also concentrates on the different types of language variation, ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of language knowledge and how all these factors have an impact on second language learning process. The Acculturation Model which is a likely reason for the failure of second language competence refers to the process of adjustment to a new culture, on how new language learners acclimatize not only to the target language but also to the culture of that language. This model refers to immigrants that are in second language surroundings, but it could also apply to new language learners and the way it affects them to also acquire a new culture. (Sagae, MacWhinney, 2004, 119). For some learners the idea of modifying and adding another culture in their life could cause difficu lties in their language learning process. One important distinguishing factor in the acquisition of second language is fossilization which refers to the permanent cessation of progress towards the target language, despite all attempts and exposure to the target language. (McLaughlin, 1985, 209). An aspect that has a relevance to fossilization is motivation; there exists lack of empathy with the target language, the culture and the native speakers. Accommodation Theory The Accommodation theory implies the way learners may adapt their speech in multilingual settings. This theory suggests the way learners adjust their way of interacting with people of different culture with different languages in order to facilitate communication. It also states that: is the way the learners social group (ingroup) identifies itself in the target language community (outgroup). If these two groups do not have a positive effect on one another, or they do not connect and identify themselves with each other, there will be a consequence in the acquisition of the second language. When learning a new language, learners need to feel that they belong in this outgroup, they need to feel that they are part of this new culture and that they feel a cordial welcoming from this outgroup; but if none of these intentions are met then learners will not have an effective and productive learning acquisition process. Social identity is another sociolinguistic issue that has a great impact in second language competence. Social identity is the way in which learners understand themselves in relation to others, and how they view their past and their future. Structural inequalities can limit leaners exposure to the target language as well as their opportunities to practice it. (Asher Garcia, 1969, 338). The input that learners acquire could be received from different sources such as; the teacher, textbooks, individuals, radio, television, newspapers, magazines, etc. And if these resources are not accurate in their language transmission then the input might not be logical to the learners and the learners intake will be erroneous which will result in the failure of language competence. (Collier, 1989, 523). Conclusion In conclusion, numerous linguists believe that there is a Critical Period in which humans can acquire language. The theory proposed by Lenneberg about a limited time in which language can be acquired is supported by large amounts of research. Although many challenge this hypothesis with the theory of Universal Grammar, both are unproven. Studies have determined that invalid conversational interaction affects the acquisition of second language, which in result could decrease the pace of language acquisition. Invalid interaction is the product of inaccurate input, which could cause a decline in the learners participation and motivation to produce language properly. The role of instruction has been examined as the role of focus on the grammatical forms of language in instruction. Many factors such as; internal or external factors can modify the way learners acquire and learn the target language; the above stated factors can obstruct second language acquisition competence. However, learners can manipulate and be capable of attaining the knowledge of the second language if their perspective of the target language is adjusted. Learners with low motivation and low language confidence will have high filters which will obstruct the achievement of second language acquisition. There are other variables in second language acquisition process. Aptitude refers to the ability and capacity that a learner has towards the language. The attitude the learner posses towards the target language, how the learner feels, the posture they have towards the target language. Age has also an influence in second language acquisition, as it is stated above adolescents might have an increase difficulty level when it comes to acquisition of language due to the hormonal changes, but at the same time they perceive language faster than adults due to their neurological development. As for adults, they become more appropriate for the study of a second language because of their maturity, but at the same time, their learning process struggles due to their developmental age.

Ludwig Van Beethoven Essay -- essays research papers

The composer of some of the most influential pieces of music ever written, Ludwig van Beethoven created a bridge between the 18th-century classical period and the new beginnings of Romanticism. His greatest breakthroughs in composition came in his instrumental work, including his symphonies. Unlike his predecessor Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, for whom writing music seemed to come easily, Beethoven always struggled to perfect his work. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany, and was baptized on Dec. 17, 1770. (There is no record of his birth date.) His father and grandfather worked as court musicians in Bonn. Ludwig's father, a singer, gave him his early musical training. Although he had only meager academic schooling, he studied piano, violin, and French horn, and before he was 12 years old he became a court organist. Ludwig's first important teacher of composition was Christian Gottlob Neefe. In 1787 he studied briefly with Mozart, and five years later he left Bonn permanently and went to Vienna to study with Joseph Haydn and later with Antonio Salieri. Beethoven's first public appearance in Vienna was on March 29, 1795, as a soloist in one of his piano concerti. Even before he left Bonn, he had developed a reputation for fine improvisatory performances. In Vienna young Beethoven soon had a long list of aristocratic patrons who loved music and were eager to help him. Onset of Deafness In the l...

Domestic Violence Against Men Essay -- Violence Against Women Essays

The first reaction upon hearing about the topic of battered men, for many people, is that of incredulity. Battered husbands are a topic for jokes (such as the cartoon image of a woman chasing her husband with a rolling-pin). One researcher noted that wives were the perpetrators in 73% of the depictions of domestic violence in newspaper comics (Saenger 1963). Battered husbands have historically been either ignored or subjected to ridicule and abuse. In 18th-century France, a battered husband "was made to wear an outlandish outfit and ride backwards around the village on a donkey" (Steinmetz & Lucca 1988). Even those of us who like to consider ourselves liberated and open-minded often have a difficult time even imagining that husband battering could take place. Although feminism has opened many of our eyes about the existance of domestic violence, and newspaper reports often include incidents of abuse of wives, the abuse of husbands is a rarely discussed phenomenon. One reason researchers and others had not chosen to investigate husband battering is because it was thought to be a fairly rare occurrence. Police reports seemed to bear this out (Steinmetz 1977), with in some cases a ratio of 12 to 14.5 female victims to every one male victim. But another reason is that because women were seen as weaker and more helpless than men due to sex roles, and men on the other hand were seen as more sturdy and self-reliant, the study of abused husbands seemed relatively unimportant. Research begins to show the reality In 1974, a study was done which compared male and female domestic violence. In that study, it was found that 47% of husbands had used physical violence on their wives, and 33% of wives had used violence on their husbands (Gelles 1974). Half of the respondents in this study were selected from either cases of domestic violence reported to the police, or those identified by the social service agency. Also in 1974, a study was released showing that the number of murders of women by men (17.5% of total homicides) was about the same as the number of murders of men by women (16.4% of total homicides). This study (Curtis 1974), however, showed that men were three times as likely to assault women as vice-versa. These statistics came from police records. [The murder statistic was no big news, by the way. In 1958, an investigation of spousal hom... ...and Divorce Today "First Large-Scale Study Reveals Elder Abuse is Primarily by Wives Against Husbands" December 15, 1986 Mercy, J.A. & Saltzman, L.E. "Fatal violence among spouses in the United States, 1976-85" American Journal of Public Health 79(5): 595-9 May 1989 Nagi, Saad Child Maltreatment in the United States Columbia University Press, New York, p. 47, 1977 Nisonoff, L. & Bitman, I "Spouse Abuse: Incidence and Relationship to Selected Demographic Variables" Victimology 4, 1979, pp. 131-140 O'Leary, K. Daniel; Arias, Ilena; Rosenbaum, Alan & Barling, Julian "Premarital Physical Aggression" State University of New York at Stony Brook & Syracuse University Rooke, Margaret "Violence in the Home" RadioTimes 16-22 March 1991 p. 8. Saenger, G. "Male and female relation in the American comic strips" in The funnies: An American idiom M. White & R.H. Abel editors, The Free Press, Glencoe IL, 1963, p. 219-223 Sexuality Today Newsletter "Violence in Adolescent Dating Relationships Common, New Survey Reveals" December 22, 1986 (reporting on a report in Social Work contact Karen Brockopp) pp 2-3. Statistical Abstract of the United States 1987 table 277

Are calculators as effective as they were intended to be? :: Technology Education Mathematics Essays

Are calculators as effective as they were intended to be? I can remember when I was in elementary school, we were never allowed to use calculators. I always seemed to excel in math, so I never really found it necessary to use one, usually. It was when I got into junior high when I first found myself looking for a calculator to help me do my math homework. I was taking pre-algebra, and I was struggling with learning the concepts. I just could not seem to get all the steps in the right order ever. My dad, who is a math genius in my opinion, showed me how to use a sophisticated calculator that would help me check my answers. He would not let me do my homework with it, but he allowed me to check it with his calculator. The teachers always made us show all of the steps, and if we used calculators the steps would be missing on the paper. So, I found it very helpful to use a calculator to check my answers. But I also thought that the calculators were somewhat confusing and complicated. I always felt like I was doing so much work to get to an answer than if I did it on my own on paper. I felt that it was easier to do the steps on the paper, than to remember all the buttons that I would have to push on the calculator. This is when I started wondering if calculators were as effective and efficient as they were intended. I think that the way I was taught in elementary school really effected the way I thought in junior high. I always assumed that it was "bad" to use a calculator for math problems, because that is the message that the teachers in elementary school sent to all the students. By them not allowing us to use us them and experiment with them, I feel that we were "turned off" by them really. This may have been caused by the lack of experience the teachers actually had. Also, they had been doing math for so long and they never used calculators. They did not see the need for the use of them.

Therapeutic Diet Teaching Plan: Gluten Free Diet

Celiac disease is a genetic disease which affects almost one percent of the U. S. population. Surprisingly enough, almost 95% of people with celiac disease are either misdiagnosed or undiagnosed. Having celiac disease means that one’s immune system is attacking any gluten that has been ingested causing damage to the small intestine. The damage done to the small intestine will prevent absorption of necessary vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients. The only way to treat celiac disease is by removing all gluten from one’s diet. Celiac disease can be difficult to diagnose.The symptoms are generally gas, bloating, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. Many people suffering from these symptoms tend to self-prescribe solutions such as Pepto-Bismol or other such remedies for common indigestion. The only way to get an accurate diagnosis is from an antibody test done via a simple blood test. If necessary, a small intestine biopsy can be performed as well to provide a more concrete confirmation of the presence of the disease. The unfortunate reality is that there is no pharmaceutical treatment available. The only solution is to go â€Å"gluten-fee. Once gluten has been consumed, the individual will have to live with the consequences until the body has been able to rid itself of the gluten. Although the symptoms might seem bearable enough to continue consuming gluten products, there are a number of serious side effects to that decision. A person afflicted with celiac disease that goes untreated will likely suffer from infertility, some cancers, and most definitely malnutrition. Caring for a newly diagnosed celiac patient requires educating that patient on a number of topics. The first topic being that celiac disease is not short term.It will require a lifelong lifestyle change that can be difficult for a number of people. Also, as celiac can be asymptomatic and is genetic in nature, relatives (if not already) should also be tested for the disease. Once the in itial shock has been allowed to sink in, presentation of diet options need to be completed as treatment should begin as immediately as possible. It is important to know what â€Å"gluten† is. Gluten is found in wheat, rye, and barley. Any food item containing any of the previously listed items will no longer be consumable for a patient with celiac. Gluten â€Å"hides† in all sorts of different food items.Reading labels will have to become a part of the grocery shopping experience. Even foods like chicken, which might carry the assumption of being gluten free, have to be purchased with caution as chickens are injected with wheat fillers to provide the meat with more flavor. It should not be assumed that packages claiming to be â€Å"gluten free† are. The only way to be sure is to read the label and note the ingredients. Also, food items that are processed on equipment which also handle wheat items should be eaten with caution. The most obvious attack to a celiac diet is that on the carbohydrate food group.Seemingly all bread items are no longer available including but not limited to: pizza, bagels, bread, pasta, and cakes. However, the good news is that with the rise in population of those afflicted with celiac, breads and other such carbohydrate products are being made with flaxseed and/ or brown rice. Instead of focusing on finding foods with a wheat base, one can look for breads made with rice, corn, potatoes, soybeans, or tapioca. Although eating foods from the dairy group can be troublesome when immediately beginning treatment for celiac, these foods can be added back into the diet after a few weeks.It is okay to eventually eat cheese and milk. Most ice creams will need to be avoided as they most likely will contain gluten, especially those sporting fancy added toppings such as Oreos and/or cookie dough. There are a few other food items to take into consideration when planning gluten free meals. Processed and breaded meats along with b readed vegetables need to be avoided. Most canned soups, salad dressings, and soy sauce will contain gluten. Sadly, the vast majority of desserts will no longer be able to be enjoyed.Although, one can now find on the shelves of some grocery stores boxed mixes for items such as brownies and cookies. Of course, being a product of wheat and barley, beer is also no longer consumable. The gluten free diet will take getting used to. It can be extremely difficult to give up foods (pizza, for example) that have become personal favorites. It can be made even more frustrating by the fact that symptoms generally take several weeks to go away. However, once the symptoms are gone, the freedom from pain and discomfort will bring much more happiness than a piece of toast.

Human Behaviour In Organization Essay

We need to study human behavior even as we participate in the day-to-day processes and activities of human life. The need to understand the behavior of others especially those we come in contact with, and the need to anticipate and predict how others may act in certain situations are important since we are affected by their actions. We study human behavior in order to have an understanding of the actions of people. Its professional analysis could very well help an organization achieve its goals and pave the way for more productive relationships among individuals in groups and among groups in the organization. Hellrieger and Slocum expressed . . . â€Å"events do not occur merely by chance, but rather, that events are linked together.† By understanding and learning to anticipate the behavior of others, we also learn to influence others as shown in Milton’s model of understanding, predicting, and influencing. The understanding of people’s behavior makes the anticipation and prediction of events easier and smoother. We can thus influence them to think, feel, and act accordingly. The study of human behavior is certainly indispensable in the formulation of laws, rules, policies, etc. Society cannot function at its maximum for the people if its components of the organization in which the individual belongs do not have guidelines that are appropriate and that provide for the satisfaction of his needs and for the attainment of his goals. The realm of science and technology will be useless without the study of human behavior for it is their aim to make man live better and easier. Scientists and technologists wouldn’t know what to invent if they are not familiar with man’s needs. Business, especially marketing, will not thrive without a study of people’s wants and desires. Man would not and cannot buy all the products and services the company offers. Selective buying is a behavior that an organization should be aware of and understand. For a firm, studying behavior can increase its productivity for it provides knowledge and information which can be the bases for improving its performance, for rational decision and policy-making, for better planning and organizing, personnel and human resources recruitment, screening, selection, promotion, and development. It is worthwhile to study human behavior primarily because we are part of the human race, and it is by studying human behavior that we look not only into the personality of others but into our personalities as well. We come to terms with ourselves, understand different aspects of our personality, and find ways to improve ourselves and grow. Through introspection, we create self-awareness, an important ingredient in relating ourselves with others. NATURE AND SCOPE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR Any act of an individual person which is considered human behavior is a reflection of his thoughts, feelings, emotions, sentiments whether conscious or not. It mirrors his needs, values, motivation, aspirations, conflicts, and state of life. Behavior, therefore, consists of all human activities. Human behavior occurs anywhere and everywhere. It is committed alone, with another person, with a group or an organization. The principles and concepts that underlie behavior are basic. It is their implementation and practice that differ from group to group or from one country to another. Human behavior which is also called human act is different from act of man. When man performs an act with free will, he does a human act. He is responsible for such act which is performed with alternatives to choose from. It is free will from whence responsibility emanates and flows that makes man a human being perform human acts or human behavior. An act of man is performed by one who is forced to do so at the risk of his own life. He does not have any other alternative/s to choose from. He is not given the opportunity to use his free will and thus, he is not responsible for this act. He, therefore, commits an act of man. An example is a man marrying a woman at the point of a gun. Instincts and reflexes are other examples of acts of man. Human behavior can be understood best by developing frameworks from the behavioral sciences which represent a systematic body of knowledge pertaining to why and how people behave as they do. ASSUMPTIONS 1. Every person is significantly different from the moment of conception. From the time an individual is conceived, he undergoes a plethora of changes – physical, mental, social, psychological – as he grows and develops from childhood to adulthood. 2. Every person is a constantly active, goal-seeking organism. Whether consciously or unconsciously, he is goal-oriented. 3. Every person is dynamic. Status quo does not characterize his state since he is barraged by different forces around him. 4. The characteristics of an organization influence the behavior of the entire organization and, to a great extent, the behavior of individuals within it as well. 5. Behavior cannot be predicted with one hundred percent accuracy since it arises from the varying needs and value systems of many different people. 6. There are no simple formulas for working with people. No one best answer. No ideal organization exists, neither an ideal person. CONCEPTS 1. Almost all behavior is learned. This applies to adults and children whose learning can be altered. However, this is not true to a newly born infant and to a fetus in the mother’s womb. The former sucks milk from the mother’s breast through instinct. By and large, learning is the first step in behaving. Whatever is learned can be modified or changed 2. Human being adapt. In accordance with their needs and values, individuals adjust to their environment. When their new learnings are congruent with their value system, they adopt them. What is adopted becomes part of their culture. PRINCIPLES 1. Thorndike’s law of effect states that behavior which is followed by a satisfying state of affairs tends to be repeated but a behavior followed by an unsatisfactory conditions tends to be extinguished. 2. Stimuli are those forces which impact the sensory organs of our five sensory input channels – sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. The impact of stimuli is a function of frequency, recency, and felt intensity. Communication, in all cases, consists of the creation of stimuli. 3. Behavior is caused but its causality is uncertain and usually multiple. It may be classified as having either a rational (cognitive) or an emotional (affective) basis. 4. Classical conditioning is a powerful technique for altering the behavior of others. But man’s freedom of the will makes him responsible for his actions. 5. There are no two individuals who are alike in all dimensions. The differences become more striking as they are compared from the physical to the socio-psychological components. Hence, the great disparity in behavior even between twins, since behavior is a reflection of a person’s physical, mental, psychological characteristics. METHODS OF STUDYING HUMAN BEHAVIOR Human behavior is a phenomenon which was observed, described, and speculated on cursorily sans any formal and written objectives and procedures. The maintenance of good relationships between and among individuals and groups was considered an art which mainly used speculation, informal and irregular observation of people and incidents. Philosophy based on speculation and logic and physiology based on experimental observation were the only two main approaches to the study of human behavior. The study of human behavior as a science began only in the 19th century. It was an offshoot of the studies in various disciplines like psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics. Its foundations are rooted in these sciences. The methods used in the study of human behavior are the same as those in other sciences – experiments, surveys and case method. It makes use of observation, interview, questionnaire, check list, scales psychological tests, and statistics. 1. THREE-LEVEL METHOD. Milton proposed a model of studying human behavior at three levels: individual, group, and organization. It is called the I-G-O Model. This classification is the basis for differentiating the content of the courses in human behavior offered at the three program levels in schools. At the undergraduate level, the individual is the focus of attention; in the masters program, emphasis is placed on the group,; and at the doctoral level, human behavior is studied at the organizational level. 2. INTERDISCIPLINARY MODEL. Human behavior in organization is inter- and multi-disciplinary. At the individual level, psychology provides knowledge of perception, motivation and learning, while physiology and anatomy gives information and principles on the body and how it works. At the group level. Sociology and other disciplines like social work and education have given much contribution. Sociology offers insights into the roles, norms, authority, power, influence and status. Anthropology and other sciences like economics, business, law and medicine have wrought more changes and influences on human behavior at the organizational level. Culture and its artifacts are the main contribution of anthropology in the study of behavior in organization. HUMAN BEHAVIOR INDIVIDUALGROUPORGANIZATION PsychologySociology Anthropology Physiology Social Work Economics, Business Anatomy Education Law, Medicine VARIOUS SCIENCES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR 3. DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL. People grow and move to higher levels of resourcefulness, creativity, competency, and self-realization through proper maintenance, recognition, and development programs. Keith and Davis call this the â€Å"human resources (supportive)approach.† These basic and potent needs are recognized and fulfilled by the organization which considers them as â€Å"the central resource in any organization and any society. To the extent that people are well screened and selected, maintained and supported, recognized and developed, they can bring in and develop the various artifacts of an organization : philosophy (mission, goals, objectives, aims), funds (equity, borrowings, loans), values (needs, responsibilities), facilities (land, building, equipment, supplies), and technology (processes, knowhow). People are the main crux and heart of the organization, the six components are at their beck and call. These six components affect the individual who alters his behavior in a context which he himself has created. 4. SYSTEMS MODEL. A social system is a complex and dynamic set of relation- ships among its actors interacting with one another. An organization is a social system consisting of various parts at its subsystems. The systems theory posits that the organization is an open system with internal and external factors impinging on its subsystems making it very fluid, tenuous, dynamic and complex and these parts are interdependent and interrelated with each other This concept is opposed to the traditional view of a closed system with independent and uninterrelated parts. 5. CONTINGENCY MODEL. The varied factors in each problematic situation may constitute a unique condition. The problem- solver must explicitly consider the specific conditions to which a problem relates instead of simply prescribing a solution which may have worked elsewhere but under different conditions. This means that â€Å"no solution can work under all circumstances.† Every problem must be studied and analyzed in light of complex factors that may br highly interrelated with each other.

Critical Theory and the Middle East Essay

Critical theory is actually tackled by two different intellectual traditions from which the term is derived – critical theory in literary studies and critical social theory. The former is primarily a form of hermeneutics, or knowledge that is gained through the interpretation in the understanding of the meanings presented through human texts and symbolic expressions. On the other hand, the latter is a form of knowledge that is self-reflective which involves both understanding and theoretical explanation which intend reduction of entrapment within systems like domination and dependence, in the advancement of emancipator interest to expand autonomy and reduce domination. Critical theory from a sociological perspective, is best defined as that social theory that is in contrast to some of the principles of the 20th century positivism, and is, in fact, sometimes referred to as negative philosophy. Contrary to the general idea that knowledge comes from people’s sense-experience, critical theory proposes rationalism which posits that the source of knowledge and the source of common humanity is the fact that humans are rational beings. This paper adopts the sociological perspective of critical theory, and relates it with the Middle East scenario, taking Qatar into particular focus, as an example of the Middle East countries. Historical Background The concept of critical theory dates as early as 1937, with Max Horkheimer of Frankfurt School giving meaning to it as a social theory that is oriented toward critiquing and changing the society in general, contrary to the traditional theory that is oriented merely in the understanding or explaining the society. Most accounts of the theory closely link it with the Frankfurt School of Social Research (or Frankfurt School which later became the International Institute for Research at Columbia University, New York in 1933), while some trace its origins to as far back through Hegelianism and Western Marxism. Most of the key contributors to the theory are employed at the Frankfurt Institute, like Theodore W. Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, along with Hokheimer who was the Institute’s Director at that time. The other contributors who were not employed at the Institute were Walter Benjamin and Ernst Bloch, both published their materials in the Institute’s journal as well as engaged in other activities of the Institute. Later on, in 1945, a certain Hannah Arendt also helped by extending the concern for liberation as developed in the works of the Institute. After 1945, in Germany, Jurgen Habermas and Axel Honeth continued the advancement of critical social theory. Marx’s Influence on the Critical Theory It has been said by analysts of today that the common thread between and among the German critical theory and the French post-structuralism is that they are both anchored on Karl Marx’s theory of social change, which generally proposes for philosophers and thinkers to not just interpret the world, but rather change it. Such Marxian theory has been revised by critical theorists to posit that the critical theory rests on the concept of intervention which comes from appropriate understanding of the past and present conditions which provides adequate insight towards change, or possibilities of it. Further down the history of critical theory, Marx’s great influence can be traced with the Praxis School, which was a Marxist humanist philosophical movement originating from Zagreb and Belgrade in Yugoslavia in the 1960s. This Praxis School was closely linked with the Frankfurt School and the Critical Theory. In fact, the term critical theory is derived from Marx’s concept about his work Capital as a form of critique of political economy. Middle East in Context The Middle East or the Muslim world in particular, has been perceived by the rest of the world as an oppressive society where only men have the freedom to live the way they want to live, while women are repressed and stay in the shadows of their men. It is anchored basically on the Islamic teachings which have shaped the Muslim people’s beliefs, culture and traditions. In a traditional Muslim society, the women are raised and trained to obey and serve men without questions or opinions. Muslim women are not allowed to decide on anything, even for their own personal concerns, since it is the men who have the right to decide – this comes from the practice of betrothing the women, and the men paying dowry for the women they marry. This technically makes the women possessions of men. Through the years, the plight of Muslim women who also want to pursue careers, who also want to live freely and have more options than to be betrothed and raise a family, have been slowly heard by the world. Through the years, things have changed dramatically and drastically in the Muslim World. Contemporary Muslim societies have successful Muslim women on boob tube talking about pleasurable sex, albeit maintaining that it be in the context of marriage, but still, such freedom to speak about sex in public was a big taboo in years past. Qatar’s Shiekah Muzah Bint Nasser Al Misned, is another example of an emancipated lot of Muslim women now successfully treading career paths that were never trodden before. How did it all happen? What brought about such changes in the society that was once repressive but now tolerate and allow women to have choices? Critical Theory in the Middle East (Qatar) The Middle East, particularly Qatar, has gone through a lot of upheavals, significantly changing the social, political and cultural landscape of the nation. Applying the critical social theory, which seeks to critically study the interrelated facets of society – political, economic and social – with interventions appropriately based on understanding, Qatari society has been led by its leaders into a more tolerant society in the interest of further development and advancement. Looking back to the socio-political and economic landscape that gave birth to the Marxian theory and the critical theory, it was a repressive society and constrictive governmental policies that were sought to change by the proponents. Mere analysis and understanding of such society and government were not enough, and thus interventions based on appropriate understanding was proposed. The Qatari situation is no different. Awakening to the real situation, deep understanding of them, led the people and the leaders to create changes which now manifest in its media, which is rich in stories of women achievers. One of the leading women figures in Qatar is none other Her Highness Shiekah Muzah Bint Nasser Al Misned, who heads the nation’s Qatar Foundation for Education, Science and Community Development. Summary The sociological definition of critical theory generally posits that it is necessary that matters be tackled in a multi-dimensional perspective, and that rationalism is as a key to understanding situations need to be coupled with interventions. In societies where societal norms tend to repress some sectors’ freedom, it is a necessity to pursue a critical outlook of the situation and provide measures to address the issues. In Qatar, for instance, the nation underwent various upheavals which significantly changed its social, political, cultural and economic scenarios, giving freedom to women as they have never experienced before. Personal Opinion Oppression or repression of any kind is always an unpleasant situation, much less to a more vulnerable group in the society, the women. History is replete with situations of oppression and repression, and almost all those situations ended up wrecking nations, which means that ultimately, the people are wrecked as the ultimate victims. The proponents of critical social theory emphasizes the rational nature of people which, if given deeper interpretation, only emphasizes that as rational beings, people must be treated as such, rational. Further, the argument of Marx that it is not enough for people or philosophers to merely interpret society, but rather must change it, rings a bell of truth in the contemporary times. For instance, in the Middle East, much have been written about the societal repression, but only recently have changes been felt and manifest. Only when some things have been done to change the situation. References Ahmed, L. , 1993, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate Edition: reissue, illustrated, Published by Yale University Press, 1993. Calhoun, C. J. , 1995, Critical social theory: culture, history, and the challenge of difference, Edition: reprint, Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 1995. Held, D. , 1980, Introduction to critical theory: Horkheimer to Habermas,Published by University of California Press, 1980. Swank, A. ,2007, Sexual healing: How big is kalaam kibeer? , Arab Media and Society. Issue 2, Summer 2007, Published by The American University in Cairo. UNDP-POGAR, 2007, Women in public life, gender and women, Gender and Citizenship Initiative, 2007.

Anti Discriminatory Practice Essay

There are four main ethical ideas that should be taken into account in the health and social care sector. They are: * Justice – People must be treated fairly and equally regardless of their background. * Autonomy – A person’s choice must be respected.  * Beneficence – This involves risks and costs; the health care professional should act in a way that is beneficial to the patient. * Non-maleficence – Any harm caused by treatment should not be greater than the benefits of the treatment. The underpinning principles and values of care practice are centred upon ethical principles and put the individual at the main focus of the health and social care provision. Putting the individual at the heart of service provision To put the individual at the heart of service provision, the health and social care service providers need to: * Provide support consistent with the beliefs, culture and choices of the individual. * Support the service users in the expression of their needs and preferences. * Empower individuals.  * Promote and encourage individual rights, choices and well being. Providing active support consistent with the beliefs, culture and preferences of the individual Active support involves helping an individual as much as possible and taking their beliefs, culture and preferences into account when making choices in a health and social care setting. For example, if you are caring for a Jewish person in a retirement home you would need to ensure that Kosher food is available for them as well as what they would need in order to worship. Another example would be a student joining a teacher’s class who has learning difficulties. The teacher and school would have to ensure that the child is listened to and given any support that they might require with sensitivity and respect. They may also require the support of an advocate. The main forms of support may be: * Advice and guidance * Medical and care planning information * Physical support such as personal care * Social support * Mental health support such as coping strategies Mental health support – coping strategies This has to be treated with thoughtfulness and sensitivity. If someone is identified as needing mental health support, they should have access to services such as social workers, community nurses, occupational therapists and psychiatrists. Other services available are psychologists, counsellors and community support workers such as home helps. These services are in place to take care of the health and social care needs of people who suffer with mental health problems. It’s important that the service users are aware that they must always seek advice from professional services. Supporting individuals to express their needs and preferences This for example could mean the support of an individual who is deaf and needs to find other ways to express their needs and preferences. A health and social care service provider could put the service user in touch with British Sign Language interpreters, Deaf-blind interpreters, lip-speakers, note-takers and speech-to-text reporters. Another reason that an individual may need this kind of support is if they do not speak English and require an interpreter. This is particularly common in hospitals. The interpreter may be a friend or relative or even a person specifically hired to be an interpreter in health and social care settings. Essentially, the interpreter should be anyone who can help the service user express their needs and preferences. All of this is important in the process of keeping the person informed about what is happening to them so they can communicate their preferences and needs. Empowering individuals If everything that needs to be done for an individual’s care is explained and checked over with them, they can be empowered. This gives them the control over the service they receive and leaves them with the confidence that they are the main priority. Empowering an individual ensures that no decisions are made on their behalf, even if it is in their best interests. The service user has to be able to make decisions themselves and it’s important that the health and social care service provider presents them with all the information they need to make an informed decision. The service provider must also respect the choice of the individual regardless of if the decisions and choices they make aren’t necessarily right in their own opinion. Promoting individuals’ rights, choices and well-being Individual rights can be encouraged and promoted through a number of ways. For example, help can be offered with language and communication for those who cannot effectively communicate due to disabilities, illness or the fact that English is not their first language. Information must be provided in a number of forms such as Braille, pictures and in a range of languages. It’s important that a qualified translator is involved in the production of information, for example in medical advice, so that the grammar is correct. If it is wrong, the service user may feel under-valued and silly. Balancing individual rights with the rights of others Balancing an individual’s rights with the rights of others is possible as long as you have good organisational, communication and negotiating skills. Everyone within the health and social care service must work together to come to a solution for individual rights that suites everybody.