Porters Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Porters Management - Essay Example This essay stresses that the management styles or the fourth factor that was described by Porter has become very blurred. A dynamic approach is required towards management of organization and it has become imperative to follow a management practice that is sustainable. It has been observed that shareholders have become very demanding and the excessive reliance of the business enterprises on the capital market have made it important for organizations to depend on information in a timely manner. This paper makes a conclusion that the case of national competitive advantage over comparative advantage, an idea created by Porter has both been a source of debate and discussion. A discussion in this topic reveals that the traditional competitive model described by Porter using the developed countries can also be extended to certain other developing countries as well. The case of Ireland, India, Singapore, Korea and Saudi Arabia has revealed that Porter’s model of national competitive advantage is still relevant to explain competitiveness of these nations. All of these nations have developed their competitive advantage over time and provides a thriving climate both for domestic and international businesses. However, there are certain aspects of Porter’s model that is not relevant in present case. For instance, the management styles that have been described by Porter for specific countries are no longer valid in the present organizational structures. The financial cris is of 2008 has revealed that excessive speculation can be extremely dangerous.

Little Assignment Essay Example for Free

Little Assignment Essay Fish oil is beneficial to health because it contains omega-3 fatty acids which decrease the risk of heart and blood vessel disease by lowering levels of triglyceride in the blood and slowing up liver triglyceride synthesis. However, human metabolism cannot generate them from other fatty acids in the body making it very essential to be included in the diet. 900 mg of omega-3 fatty acids from fish or fish supplements is the ideal requirement for adults. On the other hand, there is the downside of fish oil supplement intake. There is a discrepancy in the levels of omega-3 fatty acids in various fish. Those that are not artificially raised would normally have lesser amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. Aside from that, fish and their products are highly at risk with the contamination of the ocean. In this regard, many studies show fish and fish oil supplements have alarming levels of mercury. Part 2 (Paragraph 2): The cross-linkage theory provides a good explanation behind the process of aging. This states that there are additional cross-linkages formed between collagen fibrils as humans age. This contributes to the brittleness of bones, ligaments and tendons which is characteristic of weakened physical activity and change in height and posture as a person grows old. More over, this perfectly describes how cross-linkages formed in skin fibrils results in the decrease in skin elasticity and eventually results to wrinkles. People age because of the different physical and chemical changes occurring in the body. This can be brought about by the alteration in the levels of certain substances in the body and the formation of reactions between different chemicals. According to the Wear and Tear theory, aging can be delayed by genetically manipulating the protein repair mechanism of our body and the genes that cause aging. Reference: Materials provided.

Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken - Making Choices Along the Road of Life :: Road Not Taken essays

The Road Not Taken - Making Choices Along the Road of Life The Road Not Taken can be interpreted many different ways. Depending on the past, present and future attitude one has at the time he read it determines the way the poem may be interpreted. As the title indicates the central theme of this poem is choices. Most people agree that in the poem that Frost was expressing the belief that it is the road or path that one takes or chooses that makes him the man who he is today and will be tomorrow. Everyone is a traveler on lives roads. In the poem there is never just one road to take. Life is a struggle to make the decision of which road to take but a choice must be made. A traveler comes upon "two road deversised in a yellow wood" He is at a cross road point in his life. He is unable to take both paths at once and must make a decision which way he would like to go or how to live his life. He must decide but is remorseful as he states "And sorry I could not travel both". This decision is always difficult to make because it is impossible not to wonder at the cost of taking this path over that one. He can not help but wonder what he will miss if he chooses this road over that one .There is regret before the choice is ever made. He relaxes that in one lifetime it is impossible to travel down both roads and he has a difficult choice to make and is carefully considering his options as well as wondering were each could lead . In attempting to make this decision the traveler "looks down one as far as I could," trying to see the future and were this road might lead. Both roads lead to the unknown and although he tries to see as far as the road stretches he ca nnot see where it is going to lead. It is the way he chooses that sets him of on his journey of life and determines were he is going. He makes his decision and chooses "Then took the other just as far and having perhaps the better claim." This road has a better claim because it was the one that appealed more to him and "it was grassy and wanted wear.

Composer Alexander Glazunov: his life and work Essay

Glazunov was born in the family of a famous rich publisher of St Petersburg. He started learning music when he was nine and at the age of thirteen he already tried to create his first works. Mili Balakirev, ex- member of the supporter’s of independence group called â€Å"The Five,† acknowledged Glazunov’s abilities and introduces his work to Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. He wrote then: â€Å"Casually Balakirev once brought me the composition of a fourteen- or fifteen-year-old high-school student, Sasha Glazunov. It was an orchestral score written in childish fashion. The boy’s talent was indubitably clear. † (Volkov 1995) Rimsky-Korsakov became a teacher of Glazunov. He recognized the fast progress he made in his study not only every day but even every hour. The character of their relations also altered. Already by 1881, Rimsky-Korsakov started to treat Glazunov as his colleague. At the same time as it was the result of the teacher’s necessity to find another Modest Mussorgsky, it also was the result of Glazunov’s development. (Volkov 1995) Glazunov was lucky to have a rich lumber and part-time musician, Mitrofan Belyayev among his admires. He got to know about Glazunov and his creative work from Anatoly Lyadov and became concerned about the boy’s musical prospect. Mitrofan Belyayev also brought his own interest in Glazunov to other nationalist musicians. Then the composer had a tour around Europe. Glazunov was introduced to Liszt in Weimar, where Glazunov’s first work of art was showed to public. (Volkov 1995) In 1884, Belayev leased a hall and employed a group of musicians to play Glazunov’s First Symphony. The rehearsal was successful and Belayev made a decision to organize a open performance of Glazunov’s and other musicians’ creations. As a result the Russian Symphony Concerts were organized in 1886-1887. In 1885 Belyayev started publishing the music by Glazunov, and other composers at his own cost. Young creators became interested in him so deeply that it was rather difficult to choose among their offerings. (Volkov 1995) Glazunov quickly took pleasure in worldwide approval. On the other hand, he went through a serious crisis in 1890-1891. This period brought an important development to him. Throughout the 1890’s he created three works. In 1905 he became the director of the St. Petersburg Conservatory. His most excellent creations from this time are his Violin Concerto and Eighth Symphony. This period was also the time of his best worldwide approval. There were also series of the Composer’s performances in Moscow and St. Petersburg to celebrate his 25th celebrations as a creator. Glazunov began working as a conductor in 1888. The next year, the composer was a conductor of his Second Symphony performance in Paris. Later the composer led the unsuccessful first performance of Rachmaninoff’s Symphony No 1. Glazunov’s wife then stated that her husband was very drunk during this performance. At the same time as her statement cannot be proved, it is not improbable for a person who always had a bottle of alcohol behind his table was drinking even during his lessons. Drinking or not, Glazunov did not give enough time to his music and, at the same time as like a work of conduct, he did not do it well. Now and again the composer conducted his own pieces of music, particularly the Raymonda, although he was aware about his inability to do it. The composer sometimes said: In spite of the financial crisis he went through during World War I and the resulting social battle, Glazunov continued to work as a conductor. The composer conducted performances in industrial units, associations and Red Army posts. The composer played a significant role in the Russian inspection in 1927 of the centennial of Beethoven’s death, as both lecturer and performer. (White1966) According to The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music â€Å"the ballets The Seasons and Raymonda written by Glazunov, some of his later symphonies, primarily the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth, and his two Concert Waltzes are considered to be Glazunov’s most well-known creations at the present time†. (White1966) By his creation called the Saxophone Concerto created in (1934) the composer demonstrated his talent to become accustomed to contemporary Western music tendencies. (White1966) Glazunov’s musical development was contradictory. Sometimes he was even treated as an idol by other composers who did not have such an outstanding teachers, were mainly self-taught and suffered the lack of technique. Glazunov’s first two creations might be treated as a collection of nationalist methods applied by Borodin and Balakirev. Already at twenty years old the composer understood the polemic conflict between academicism and patriotism. Notwithstanding that Glazunov based his works on Russian popular compositions, his practical techniques let him write in a complicated, cultured manner. By his Third Symphony, the composer deliberately tried to internationalize his music in a way comparable to Tchaikovsky, to whom the work was devoted. (Walsh 1999) Shostakovich stated that at the same time as Glazunov was very often found unintelligible, even preposterous, he deliberately presented the Conservatory with his own time, the part of his soul and his originality. Some people said that Glazunov practically lived there. The composer was peaceful and unyielding communicating with the authorities. (Walsh 1999) In 1922, the authorities made a decision to provide Glazunov with good living conditions in order to help him work and create new masterpieces. The composer denied the proposition in favor of the conservatory and asked to set a new firewood there. The firewood was established. (Walsh 1999)

High School and Goals Essay

Hello my name is Rick Brooks and this is my student story. What the on course book has helped me with the most is getting me to commit to my goals and dreams. I was once a bright eyed young high school student with the dreams of going to college and making something out of myself. My graduation year from High School was 1992, yes 20 years ago, and yes that makes me 38 years old. I grew up with a family of 5 having four siblings and just my father to raise us. Money was tight and going to a four year university was out of the question. Information about scholarships at my school was minimal. I began working full time and decided to go to college anyways. So in 1992 I enrolled at AB Tech Technical college. Working full time and not having a very good commitment to my goals and dreams, I did not do so well. I eventually dropped out after my third quarter. At this time I did not even know to drop my classes, I just stopped going, what a big mistake. I now have several F’s on my transcript from 1992. 20 years and one fifteen year old daughter later, I have began to achieve my goals and dreams again. This is where On Course Strategies for Creating Success in College and in Life came into my life. Upon starting the ACA 115 01 class I was very reluctant. I had already taken some college courses and had done well, at least until I dropped out. I figured that I did not need this class and I was pissed that the college was making me take it. When the class started on chapter 3, things began to make sense. I needed to design a compelling life plan. I had no idea how to do this. As I went on in the course, I starting figuring things out, things that I already knew I wanted, but thinks to On Course it started to all make sense. I needed to set goals. But how does one set goals, I thought that I knew how, but I did not. The book showed me how to use the DAPPS rule, which is dated, achievable, personal, positive and specific. I have since then set some goals and dreams for myself. I plan on graduation with my business degree from AB Tech college, that’s goal number one. Then I will pursue my dream. I want to open a bar and grill beachside in Key West FL. Before the On Course book I would have never thought these goals to be possible, but when I starting asking myself are these goals dated. Yes they are. I will graduate college in 2013. Are they achievable? Yes graduation is just around the corner and I have already taken a couple of trips to Key West to scope out the location for my restaurant. The book says that a goal should be at least 50 percent believable to me. It is now more like 75 percent believable to me now! Are my goals personal? Yes, nothing would satisfy me more the when I walk the stage and get my degree. I will be the first out of my four siblings (which are all grown now and not enrolled in college) to get a degree from college. I am motivated because these goals are mine and no one else’s. Are my goals positive? Yes, going through this course I realized that I should focus on what I want and not to focus on what I don’t want. Are my goals specific? Yes, my goals are specific. I will be able to measure my success when I get my degree next year. I only have six classes left, it’s been a long road, but a rewarding one. Whenever I start to stray from my course, I remember my goals and dreams. I have worked way too hard and have came way too far to give up now. My dreams are my motivation into the future, they will guide me from here on out. I am thankful for my dreams, and I am thankful for On Course for putting me on course to my life plan by showing me how to commit to my goals and dreams. Thank you On Course!

Free Essays on Kants Theory Of Morality

Kant’s moral theories focused much more on that of reason and less on emotion†¦in fact he completely denied the role of emotion in ethics. The basis of Kant’s theories of morals and ethics lies on the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative divides into three parts which break down his theories. The first part is â€Å"an imperative that Kant expresses as requiring that a person must never perform and act unless he or she can consistently will that the maxim or principal that motivates the action could become a universal law.† (p 56) By this he means that what is wrong for you to do onto to others must be wrong for everyone, there can be no exceptions and everyone must abide by these â€Å"universal laws†. These are the moral rules that must be followed by everyone alike if they have any desire to act in a rational way. No where in this is emotion included. What are included however rationality and good judgment and decision making. Kant did not feel that emotions played a role in ethics anywhere; it is strictly what people should do to remain rational and maintain moral behavior. This is something that should come naturally for everyone and is simplistic enough for everyone to understand and obey. The second formulation of the categorical imperative states that â€Å"one must act so as to treat people as ends in themselves, never mealy as means.† (p 57) This formulation goes hand in hand with the first part and introduced the idea of being fair. What this means is that if we get over on people because we can use them and they can be our means to succeed in whatever we are attempting than it is not a good universal law unless we wish the same treatment upon ourselves. He believed that we should not use other people to get our ends fulfilled because everyone is rational and everyone has hopes and desires but to use another would be unfair and would in no way coincide with the beliefs of universal laws for all pe... Free Essays on Kants Theory Of Morality Free Essays on Kants Theory Of Morality Kant’s moral theories focused much more on that of reason and less on emotion†¦in fact he completely denied the role of emotion in ethics. The basis of Kant’s theories of morals and ethics lies on the categorical imperative. The categorical imperative divides into three parts which break down his theories. The first part is â€Å"an imperative that Kant expresses as requiring that a person must never perform and act unless he or she can consistently will that the maxim or principal that motivates the action could become a universal law.† (p 56) By this he means that what is wrong for you to do onto to others must be wrong for everyone, there can be no exceptions and everyone must abide by these â€Å"universal laws†. These are the moral rules that must be followed by everyone alike if they have any desire to act in a rational way. No where in this is emotion included. What are included however rationality and good judgment and decision making. Kant did not feel that emotions played a role in ethics anywhere; it is strictly what people should do to remain rational and maintain moral behavior. This is something that should come naturally for everyone and is simplistic enough for everyone to understand and obey. The second formulation of the categorical imperative states that â€Å"one must act so as to treat people as ends in themselves, never mealy as means.† (p 57) This formulation goes hand in hand with the first part and introduced the idea of being fair. What this means is that if we get over on people because we can use them and they can be our means to succeed in whatever we are attempting than it is not a good universal law unless we wish the same treatment upon ourselves. He believed that we should not use other people to get our ends fulfilled because everyone is rational and everyone has hopes and desires but to use another would be unfair and would in no way coincide with the beliefs of universal laws for all pe...

Whats the Deal with Improving Sentences and the Essay SAT Writing Guide and Advice

What's the Deal with Improving Sentences and the Essay SAT Writing Guide and Advice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you ever wondered what the SAT is looking for when they ask questions that are confusing? Look no further! In this post, we reveal the goals of the SAT Essay and IdentifyingSentence Errors question types. What’s the Deal with The Essay? This one’s simple: writing requires a multitude of subtle skills, from logic to word choice. But the SAT can’t score them all, so it chose a few: organization, evidence, vocabulary, thesis, sentence structure, and grammar. That leaves out factual accuracy, creativity, and a number of other subtle factors that make writing good or not-so-good. Thus, the SAT Essay is a beast unto itself, because those left-out aspects of writing actually turn out to be kind of important. See, they’re not trying to find out if you’re a good writer;they’re trying to find out if you’re a competent writer, which means you can write on a specific topic with no preparation in a somewhat organized fashion. This means that things like vocabulary and complex sentence structure only get you points if you use them appropriately.For example, many students’ essays substitute the word â€Å"lucid† for â€Å"clear,† when â€Å"clear† can actually mean many more things than â€Å"lucid† can: â€Å"lucid† only means â€Å"easy to understand.† So when students write â€Å"it is lucid that people need good jobs,† they are misusing the word: clear can mean obvious, but lucid can’t. The takeaway here is this: the test only cares about staying on topic; using good, concrete examples; and organizing your thoughts in a logical way. Everything else is too much work for their graders to assess in one or two minutes, so they ignore all of it. This â€Å"everything else,† notably, includes the accuracy of facts: as one recent New York Times article explains, â€Å"you can tell them the war of 1812 started in 1945,† and it won’t hurt your score one bit. What’s the Deal with IdentifyingSentence Errors? These questions in the Writing section give you a sentence with four underlined parts and a â€Å"No error† option. Then they ask which underlined portion of the sentence contains an error, like so: The Florida sunset being(A) best viewed from(B) the West Coast on a clear day(C)in the summer(D). No error. (E) Again, the College Board has come up with a relatively clumsy waytotest writing skills without carefully reading millions of essays. Because they have specific errors they wantto test, and it’s sometimes hard to do that in a realistic way,IdentifyingSentence Errors questionsoftenlook like something nobody would ever write. In the example above, they’re trying to test verb forms (‘being’ should say ‘is’). This is a common high schoolers’ error, and someone in high school might make it in a sentence like this: The main problem with swimming being that I can’t text while I’m doing it. But that error would be too easy, so theyinclude other things that students think are errors (but are actually correct), and end up with weirdsentences about Florida. This is where SAT prep can come in handy: it helps you apply strategies like the one I’m about to explain. Here’s the key: don’t look at these like normal sentences; look at them like word equations, in which each underlined portion must be isolated and deciphered. The Florida sunset being(A) best viewed from(B) the West Coast on a clear day(C)in the summer(D). No error. (E) (A): This word is a verb: does it agree with its subject? Yes. Does it work as the only verb in the sentence? No. Mark it as a possible error until you’ve looked at all the choices. [B]: Is this the right word to use here? Can a sunset be â€Å"viewed from† somewhere? Yes it can. Moving on. [C] Does this makes sense? Are all the words correct, and do they fit together correctly? Yes they do. [D] Is this the right way to say during the summertime? Yes, it is. Now go back to the one(s) you think could be the answer(s). How sure are you that [A] is wrong? Since an â€Å"-ing† verb can never be the only verb in a sentence (it needs a helping verb, like â€Å"is doing† or â€Å"can be seeing†), you can be sure it’s wrong. Mark it! Other Posts You May Be Interested In: What is a good SAT score? A bad SAT score? SAT Writing Guide Part I: Improving Paragraphs: SAT Writing Guide Part III: Improving Sentences

Origins of the Kettlebell. Strength and Cardio Training

Origins of the Kettlebell. Strength and Cardio Training The kettlebell is a peculiar piece of gym equipment. While it looks like a cannonball with a looping handle protruding at the top, it can  easily be mistaken for an ironcast tea kettle on steroids. It also happens to be growing in popularity, allowing athletes and those just trying to stay in shape to perform a wide range of specialized strength-building exercises with kettlebells. Born in Russia It’s hard to say who invented the kettlebell, though variations of the concept go as far back as Ancient Greece. Theres even a 315-pound kettlebell with the inscription  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bibon heaved up me above a head by one head on display at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia in Athens. The first mention of the term, however, shows up in a Russian dictionary published in 1704 as Girya, which translates to kettlebell in English. Kettlebell exercises were later popularized in the late 1800s by a Russian physician named Vladislav Kraevsky, considered by many to be the countrys founding father of Olympic weight training. After spending roughly a decade traveling around the world researching exercise techniques, he opened one of Russias first weight training facilities where kettlebells and barbells were introduced as a core part of a comprehensive fitness routine. By the early 1900s, Olympic weightlifters in Russia were using kettlebells to shore up weaker areas, while soldiers used them to improve their conditioning in preparation in combat. But it wasnt until 1981 that the government finally threw its weight behind the trend and mandated kettlebell training for all citizens as a way to boost overall health and productivity.  In 1985, the Soviet Unions first national championship kettlebell games were held in Lipetsk, Russia. In the United States, it’s only as recent as the beginning of the century that kettlebell has caught on, particularly in the last few years. A-list celebrities such as Matthew McConaughey, Jessica Biel, Sylvester Stallone, and Vanessa Hudgens have been known to utilize kettlebell workouts to strengthen and tone. There’s even an all-kettlebell gym located in Ontario, Canada, called the IronCore Kettlebell club. Kettlebells vs. Barbells What distinguishes a kettlebell workout from training with barbells is an emphasis on a wider range of movement that involves several muscle groups. Whereas barbells are generally used to directly target isolated muscle groups, such as the biceps, the kettlebell’s weight is away from the hand, allowing for swinging moves and other full body exercises. Case in point, here’s a few kettlebell exercises aimed at cardiovascular and strength improvement: High Pull: Similar to a squat, the kettlebell is lifted from the floor and brought up toward the shoulder level with one hand while straightening out to a standing position and returning back to the floor. Alternating between both arms, this move hits the shoulders, arms, buttocks, and hamstrings.Lunge Press: Holding the kettlebell in front of the chest with both hands, lunge forward and lift the weight over your head. Alternating each leg, this allows you to target the shoulders, back, arms, abs, buttocks, and legs.  Russian Swing: Standing with knees slightly bent and feet apart, hold the kettlebell just below the groin with both hands and with both arms straight. Lowering and driving the hips back, thrust the hips forward and swing the weight forward up to shoulder level before letting the weight swing back down to the original position. This move targets the shoulders, back, hips, glutes, and legs.  Ã‚   Additionally, kettlebell exercises burn more calories than conventional weightlifting exercises, up 20 calories a minute, according to a study by the American Council on Exercise (ACE). This is roughly the same amount of burn youd get from a rigorous cardio workout. Despite the benefits, the one drawback is that only select gyms carry them. So where can you go to find kettlebell equipment outside of obvious places like the IronCore gym? Fortunately, an increasing number of boutique gyms have them, along with kettlebell classes. Also, since theyre compact, portable and with many shops selling them for prices comparable to the cost of barbells, it might be worth it to just buy a set. Source Beltz, Nick M.S. ACE Sponsored Research Study: Kettlebells Kick Butt. Dustin Erbes, M.S., John P. Porcari, et al., American Council on Exercise, April 2013.

Parallel DC circuits Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parallel DC circuits - Lab Report Example Hence, NI Multisim is an essential software that enables the user to observe the operation through simulation without performing that operation. Simulation software is play an important role in understanding how circuits operate in electronics. Electronic simulation software applies mathematical models to show the behaviour of an actual electric circuit. Electronics simulators include Circuitlogix, electronic work bench, NI Multisim among others. By simulating a circuit’s behaviour and response before building it, greatly improves efficiency and provides insights and relevant information concerning the behaviour and stability of electronics circuit designs. In many electrical circuits, it is important to determine the rate at which electrical energy is transferred into other forms of energy. To calculate power P for electrical appliances, we find the product of the current (A) through it and the Potential difference (V) across it. Thus, For resistors in series, the same current flows each of the resistors whereas the total sum of the voltage across each resistor equals to the total voltage applied. Therefore, the combined resistance is given by To study various waveforms on the DSO, the 3MHz Function Generator (TG300 Series) was connected to CH1 of DSO (Tektronix) using BNC leads. A sine wave of 1 kHz frequency and a root mean square voltage of 1.4145V was displayed on the screen. The period of the sine wave was determined using equation 1 in the introduction. Furthermore, the peak to peak voltage of a sine wave was measured and recorded as required. The waveforms and its FFT graphs were then printed out using the PC communication software. Similarly, a square wave with parameters 2 kHz frequency and 2Vpeak was shown on the screen. The period of the waveforms and the peak-to-peak voltages were determined. The FFT graphs were printed out as required. The above procedure was repeated for 1.5 kHz, 2Vpeak

Proctor and Gamble - Strategic Management Essay

Proctor and Gamble - Strategic Management - Essay Example The company operates in six product segments: grooming, beauty, Health care, Home care, Family and Baby care, and Pet care (P&G, 2012a). Beauty and personal care arena are contained within P&G’s grooming, beauty and health business segments and include skin care, oral care, cosmetics, fragrances, hair care, baby care, depilatories and men’s grooming products (Euromonitor, 2010:4). Some of the fundamental brands in beauty and personal care arena include pampers, Olay, Head& Shoulders, Panteen, Mach3, Oral B, Puma, Fusion, Gillete, safeguard, ivory among others (P&G, 2012b). The company’s global Beauty and Personal care market share is 11.7% with the volume growth in net sales in this segment being an average of 4% in 2011 where the beauty segment growth was 3%, the grooming segment at 4% and the Health segment at 5% (P &G Annual Report, 2011: 41-42; Euromonitor, 2010: 4-5). The market share growth for the Beauty and personal care products experienced single digit growth at the rate of 2.8% with the market share growth for the Beauty and Personal Care share for the company based on the main categories of skin care, hair care, men’s grooming, fragrances, and oral care being as shown below in figure 1. Figure1: Value Market Share Source: Euromonitor, 2011 Similar with its peers in the industry, P&G was negatively impacted with the global economic crisis with its key brands being grossly affected and net sales within the industry having fallen during the 2008 – 2009 period. However, with the company’s strategy response in focusing on core businesses and brands, and divesting in its less critical segments, the company has been able to record growth within its various product segments, with the beauty and personal care products taking the lead in growth. In addition, the company has over the past three years focused in building a strong market position in emerging countries such as China, India, Russia, and Brazil (Raval, 2012 : 1; Prior, 2011:201; Reingold, 2011:60). Financial Assessment: The company has bounced back from the 2009 decline in net sales through its post recession strategy of focusing on its core businesses and brands, and its continued investments in the emerging markets. The most impactful strategy though that has increased net sales is the company’s decision to cut down prices. These strategies have proved successful with the company increasing its net sales over the 2010 and 2011 period. Net sales rose by 4.6% in 2011 from 2010 net sales. This strategy though effective in the short term, it may be detrimental to brand equity in the long term. This is clearly noted with the downward trend of the net earnings value since 2009 at the rate of 1% (P &G Annual Report, 2011: 1-2). The revenue versus profit growth trends over the past five year period is as shown in figure 2. The beauty and personal care segments as noted above though have been growing in sales volume especially in the e merging countries (P&G Annual Report, 2011:52; P&G, 2010:5). In fact the company has moved its personal care hub from Ohio to Singapore, in order to strategically place itself in that market (Raval, 2012). Figure2: Net sales and Net Profit growth trend SWOT Analysis: A SWOT analysis of the company’s beauty and personal care segment reveals a stronger and powerful portfolio of products as a key strength. This provides a strong

The Increasing Importance of Complexity in International Relations Essay

The Increasing Importance of Complexity in International Relations - Essay Example Thus, the environment for each state is no longer limited to its internal and neighboring environment. The increasing number of factors makes it quite challenging to analyze the international environment for any country. Traditional analytical models that are based on linear relationships are no longer sufficient to explain the complex phenomena of international relations. The twentieth century approaches focused on managing order are giving way to fresher approaches (Rengger, 212) . Hence, complexity has become an increasingly important aspect of research on international relations. It offers an opportunity to apply a general systems theory to the analysis of international events. The international environment today is more complex and open than a decade ago. Factors such as globalization, climate change and terrorism have contributed much to integrate the world along several dimensions. This paper explains the increasing importance of complexity in international relations by identi fying the components of complexity theory and explaining their relevance to contemporary international events as well as past events that have significantly impacted on the present state of affairs. Concepts such as interdependence, fitness, and coevolution are discussed along with other essential concepts. The paper concludes with an overall assessment of the value can understanding of complexity can provide to the study of international relations.... Complexity theory offers an explanation for identifying and acknowledging such relationships. Its concepts and principles can be applied to analyze relationships between individual actors and the areas where mutual benefits and risks lie. The rapid pace of globalization is one of the major stimuli that have made complexity theory increasingly relevant to the study of international relations. Under the WTO agreements, the economies of individual countries have become increasingly dependent on one another. In addition, regional alliances such as ASEAN and the EU have made the economic and political systems of nation states dependent on one another. The most recent examples of such interdependence can be observed in the 2008 global financial crisis and the more recent Euro debt crisis. Events such as a sub-prime crisis in the US have affected economies around the world, mainly because the US is today the centre of the global economic system. Similarly, a debt crisis originating in Greec e has raised issues for the well-being of the German economy. Complexity theory can increase our understanding of such contemporary issues by supporting existing theories and concepts. Fitness and International Relations Complexity theory aims to explain the fitness between an actor and its environment. The concept of fitness is an integral component of complexity theory and treats an actor as a member that can affect and is also affected by changes taking place in the environment (Clemens, 13). Thus, in complexity theory individual actors are assumed to act in a complex environment. A complex environment is characterized by a large number of

The Power of Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Power of Poetry - Essay Example To prove the potency of poetry, the poem chosen here is called ‘Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers’ and it was written by Adrienne Rich. This paper seeks to prove how poetry can be used as a powerful medium to convey much more than pretty verses. Poetry can be a vehicle for social critique, literary expertise and so much more. ‘Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers’ is a relatively short poem of twelve lines that tells the story of the poet’s Aunt, a nervous and diminutive woman who lives in terror of her husband. It has a rhyme scheme of AABB with no variation. This rhyme gives it a very simple, almost childlike quality that belies its serious content. Another great thing about the choice of the structure for this poem is its short length. The brevity of the poem reinforces the tragic brevity of the life of Aunt Jennifer in the poem. Thus, it can already be noted that even the most apparent features of a poem can be of significance and hold more meaning than meet s the eye. To move into the poem itself, the first lines are: ‘Aunt Jennifer's tigers prance across a screen, / Bright topaz denizens of a world of green.’ The first words echo the title of the poem – again, much like a nursery rhyme does, reinforcing the irony of the childlike style against a grim subject. The lines also introduce the subject of the poem: Aunt Jennifer herself and her ‘tigers’. From the use of the metaphor ‘prance across a screen’, one can hazard a guess that these are either tigers that Aunt Jennifer embroiders or knits. The imagery of ‘bright topaz’ against a ‘world of green’ is very visually evocative and also serves the purpose of setting up a contrast that will tie in with the theme at a later point. The lines following these may come as a bit of a surprise to the reader. After introducing the rather pleasant scene of ‘prancing’ tigers of bright topaz, the poet writes: They do not fear the men beneath the tree; They pace in sleek chivalric certainty (Rich 3-4) This negation of fear does not ‘naturally’ follow a description of something. In usual conversation perhaps, or in prose, one would not jump from describing ‘prancing’ to ‘they do not fear.’ This sort of jump in logic to achieve an end – one that will be cleared by the end of the poem – can only be achieved with such mastery and simplicity in poetry. The lines introduce an element of gender. ‘Men beneath the tree’, given the context of tigers, evokes an image of hunters or hunting – a traditionally male activity. ‘Sleek chivalric certainty’ reinforces this image of hunters in their uniforms and presents a picture of masculinity. The oppression of women in a patriarchal world is the major theme of this poem and it is introduced here. Given this knowledge then, the contrast present in ‘bright topaz’ in ‘a world of green’ can appear to symbolize the visible nature of women in a world of men where they seem to ‘stick out’ and cannot blend in easily. The second paragraph of them poem begins with the identical phrase as the first, ‘Aunt Jennifer’s’ – this is a double reinforcing of the children’s nursery rhyme structure which usually has repetitions of phrases like these: Aunt Jennifer's fingers fluttering through her wool Find even the ivory needle hard to pull. The massive weight of Uncle's wedding

Optical systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Optical systems - Essay Example This report also discusses the future prospects of this technology. As shown in figure 1, plastic optical fiber is huge central step-index fiber and its diameter is equal to 1 mm (millimeter). Hence, its huge size allows it to easily combine lots of light coming from various connectors and sources with less precision. In this scenario, the prices of standard connector are between 10% and 20% for glass fibers as well as closure is also as easy as cutting with a razor blade. In view of the fact that it is coated with the plastic so it makes it easy and rugged to install and connect deprived of fear of loss or damage. (The FOA, 2008; Paschotta, 2014) However, one of the major drawback of this media is that its performance is much lower than glass fiber. Additionally, its bandwidth is limited as well as it has a connection loss of approximately 0.15-0.2 dB per meter at 650 nm. On the other hand, it works fine when it is used for running short connection, for instance within a place for desktop connections up to 50 meters or inside of instruments. In this scenario, its most excellent usage is seen in automobile industry in which it has expanded a position with the innovative Flexray and MOST networks (The FOA, 2008; Paschotta, 2014). Its proven effectiveness for small distance connections make it an excellent choice for desktop LAN connections. For such connections, it can be installed in a few minutes with negligible training and tools. In future, it can be expected that its bandwidth will exceed to considerable level. However, its cost is reasonable as compared to copper. In fact, standards groups are currently looking at various choices for plastic fiber optics. It is believed that POF can be the following practical desktop connection (The FOA, 2008). Normally, the transmission is carried through fiber optic systems in the digital format. In other words, this transmission is sent and

The Power of Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Power of Poetry - Essay Example To prove the potency of poetry, the poem chosen here is called ‘Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers’ and it was written by Adrienne Rich. This paper seeks to prove how poetry can be used as a powerful medium to convey much more than pretty verses. Poetry can be a vehicle for social critique, literary expertise and so much more. ‘Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers’ is a relatively short poem of twelve lines that tells the story of the poet’s Aunt, a nervous and diminutive woman who lives in terror of her husband. It has a rhyme scheme of AABB with no variation. This rhyme gives it a very simple, almost childlike quality that belies its serious content. Another great thing about the choice of the structure for this poem is its short length. The brevity of the poem reinforces the tragic brevity of the life of Aunt Jennifer in the poem. Thus, it can already be noted that even the most apparent features of a poem can be of significance and hold more meaning than meet s the eye. To move into the poem itself, the first lines are: ‘Aunt Jennifer's tigers prance across a screen, / Bright topaz denizens of a world of green.’ The first words echo the title of the poem – again, much like a nursery rhyme does, reinforcing the irony of the childlike style against a grim subject. The lines also introduce the subject of the poem: Aunt Jennifer herself and her ‘tigers’. From the use of the metaphor ‘prance across a screen’, one can hazard a guess that these are either tigers that Aunt Jennifer embroiders or knits. The imagery of ‘bright topaz’ against a ‘world of green’ is very visually evocative and also serves the purpose of setting up a contrast that will tie in with the theme at a later point. The lines following these may come as a bit of a surprise to the reader. After introducing the rather pleasant scene of ‘prancing’ tigers of bright topaz, the poet writes: They do not fear the men beneath the tree; They pace in sleek chivalric certainty (Rich 3-4) This negation of fear does not ‘naturally’ follow a description of something. In usual conversation perhaps, or in prose, one would not jump from describing ‘prancing’ to ‘they do not fear.’ This sort of jump in logic to achieve an end – one that will be cleared by the end of the poem – can only be achieved with such mastery and simplicity in poetry. The lines introduce an element of gender. ‘Men beneath the tree’, given the context of tigers, evokes an image of hunters or hunting – a traditionally male activity. ‘Sleek chivalric certainty’ reinforces this image of hunters in their uniforms and presents a picture of masculinity. The oppression of women in a patriarchal world is the major theme of this poem and it is introduced here. Given this knowledge then, the contrast present in ‘bright topaz’ in ‘a world of green’ can appear to symbolize the visible nature of women in a world of men where they seem to ‘stick out’ and cannot blend in easily. The second paragraph of them poem begins with the identical phrase as the first, ‘Aunt Jennifer’s’ – this is a double reinforcing of the children’s nursery rhyme structure which usually has repetitions of phrases like these: Aunt Jennifer's fingers fluttering through her wool Find even the ivory needle hard to pull. The massive weight of Uncle's wedding

Law. Offer and Acceptance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law. Offer and Acceptance - Essay Example When the party accepts the offer it is generally assumed that all negotiations have been done and the part unconditionally accepts the offer. Hence, there is no halfway through, either there is a contract or there is no contract at all. In this case, Anthony is the offeror who made the offer and Joyce is the offeree; to whom the offer is made. An offer must give a clear indication that the offeror intends to be bound by those terms as soon as they are accepted by the offeree. An offer may remain open until the specified time has been completed. Anthony told Joyce to respond to the offer within a specified time which was Wednesday mid-day. After that time, the offer would have been terminated. According to the English legal system, other circumstances in which the offer will terminate are rejection of the offer, a counter offer made by the offeree, death of the offeror or offeree and withdrawal of the offer (Schulze, 2007, p. 321). In this case, Anthony has withdrawn from the offer th rough sending a letter which Joyce received after posting the acceptance. Under the law, withdrawal of the offer must be communicated to the offeree. The withdrawal of an offer is known as the revocation of the offer. The case of Payne v Cave (1789) established the principle that an offer could be withdrawn anytime before it is accepted. There are many rules that apply to the withdrawal of offers. One of the main rule is that the withdrawal must be communicated which means that the offerors must notify the offeree that the offer is revoked (Young, 2009, p. 87). This rule was established in the case of Byrne & Co v Leon Van Tienhoven (1880) in which the defendants were a company based in Cardiff. They posted a letter on 1st October to New York making an offer to sell 1,000 boxes of tinplates to the plaintiffs. When the plaintiffs received the letter, they accepted it by telegram. However, in the meantime, the defendants wrote another letter to revoke their offer but the letter was re ceived by the plaintiffs later. The court held that a binding contract existed between the two parties as revocation would only take place on communication but acceptances take place as soon as they are posted. Anthony posted his revocation by post and it was received by Joyce after posting the acceptance. This means that the offer had not been revoked and Anthony was still under the circumstances of the offer and must be fulfilling his promise despite the losses it would cause to him. Thus, the offer has not been revoked because acceptance was already posted. If the acceptance would not have been posted by Joyce, the offer could have been revoked because the specified time given for the offer was still valid. Thus, an offer has been made and accepted as well. An offer is revoked only if the revocation is communicated to the offeree but the acceptance is made as soon as it is posted. The contract law establishes that acceptance of an offer is when the offeree has unconditionally acc epted to all terms of the offer. Acceptance can be oral or in writing, but at times acceptance can be done by an act such as delivering goods in a response to the offer. Acceptance does not take effect until it is communicated by reasonable means. Lord Denning explained this principle in Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation (1955) that if A shouts an offer to B over a river and just as B shouts back in acceptance, a noisy aircraft flies over and prevents A from hearing B’s acceptance, no legally binding contract is made. This means that A must hear the acceptance of B only then will it be called communicated (Schulze, 2007, p. 321). However, there are some exceptions to this communication rule. One of the

Motivations for immigration to American colonies Essay Example for Free

Motivations for immigration to American colonies Essay The first successful colony in America was in Jamestown, Virginia, established 1607. When it was first founded, the colony contained only several hundred people. During the two hundred years that followed the population increased greatly, due in part to massive immigration from the Old World. By 1790 the colony housed a little under four million people. The high rate of immigration stemmed from a number of different motivators, including the peoples hope for a better lifestyle than the one they experienced in the Old World, religious zeal, cheaper land and higher wages for manual laborers, and overpopulation in England. Farmers and manual laborers were attracted to America by the prospect of higher wages and lower costs of living. Most of these people were of the industrious sortcraftsmen, yeomen farmers, and small merchants (Document A). Since the New World sought these types of laborers to further the economy and lacked a sufficient number of them, the demand increased, and with it the wages. The cost of living was also lower because the New World was virtually unpopulated and there was a low demand for residence as compared with England; subsequently, the costs were lower. According to William Penn, their labor will be worth more than it is in England and their living will be cheaper. (Document 1). Religious types, especially the Puritans, were drawn to America by the possibility of converting natives and spreading the message and lifestyle that they upheld to others through example. They hoped for new souls to be won for God. (David Cressy article). By establishing what they considered to be an ideal and pious community, these colonizers wanted to build a new home for Christianity, extended from its confines of the Old World. One man who brought people like this to America through his words was John Winthrop, who said that colonization would carry the benefit of service to the Lord. (Document 3). Winthrop was a prominent leader of the English Puritans in their voyage to the Massachusetts Bay to build such a colony. Another motivation for immigration was the hope of a better lifestyle by the settlers. Many left depressedregions in search of a new start. (Document A). Some people felt oppressed by the English government and  wanted freedom from it. Also, many people who were denied the privilege of land ownership in England believed that they could fulfill this wish in the New World. As mentioned before, land was cheaper in America due to a fairly low demand for it, which increased the probability of one being able to own it. Therefore, the possibility of land ownership and a new start was an attraction for the colonizers. Some of the people that emigrated, however, were not actually motivated to do so by the attractions of the New World. Instead, overpopulation in England and pressure from the government pushed them out of the country and into America. Since the pioneers of the colonies wanted them to flourish and needed inhabitants to achieve this goal, the government encouraged unemployed or idle Englishmen to settle there. Thousands of Englishmen were forced off the land and unwelcome itinerants became a common sightconstituting a problem. (Document 2). The solution to this problem was to ship the unwelcome men off to America, which is what the government did, and was a partial reason for the population boom. Different people were attracted to the New World for different reasons, such as the wish to own land, better ones lifestyle, or promote Christianity. These attractions paired with overpopulation in England were the reason that so many people emigrated to colonial America. The new area presented a whole fresh realm of possibilities that England did not offer, and as a result, the unemployed, unhappy and/or restless went there in search of satisfaction and something new. Various literature written by educated men of the period promoted emigration and helped spread the word of these prospects. These reasons are what account for the large number of that people moved to colonial America in the seventeenth century.

Impact of Pastoralism on Political and Economic Organization

Impact of Pastoralism on Political and Economic Organization The Basseri community is one of the traditional ethnic groups in Iran who inhabits the Fars province. This tribe is illustrated as Persian and Arab and nomadic within a delineated territory. The Basseri community is one of the pastoral nomads who usually wander along the plains and hills near the Shiraz town. In the area where they migrate it is said to be best for agricultural activities as well as it is also the habitat of a wide variety of birds and animals to hunt. Actually, the place is referred to as the land of nomadic tribes. As stated above, the Basseri communities are pastoralist, (Ronald, 2006). Therefore, in this essay I will be analyzing how the pastoralist mode of life has impacted the social, political, and economic organization. To be more precise, I will be analyzing the economic, social and political organization of the Basseri community. It is argued that the Basseri is a delineated group who can be defined not by ethnic or geographical but rather political criteria. The exact number of the population in this community is the recent time is not known as research has not been carried out to establish this. But in 1950s, they were estimated the entire community was estimated to be about 16,000. The vernacular language of the Basseri is Farsi, although a remarkable number of them do speak Arabic or Turkish Economic organization. It is important to note that just like in any other pastoralist community, pastures are seen as being the most crucial part of the Basseri community. However, the pastures are not enough to support the large flocks of animals of the community. This explains why this community wanders along the plains efficiently and according to a set schedule. In most cases, there is no official division of labor when setting, ready to make a move, (Thomas, 2009). Although this community is on the move from one place to another throughout the year, it is argued that agriculture is the most crucial part of the community. The tribe has developed a way of life that enables them to maximize the use of seasonal pastures. Arguably, the nature of the climate that is found in the area they inhabit dictates that they perform artificial irrigation so as to support their agricultural activities during the dry season. It has been observed that the most common economic activities that are carried by the community are domestic work, animal raring, and daily cycles of migration. In this community, the principle of division of labor is well appreciated as it makes work easier. Division of labor is usually applies as work is distributed according to sex as well as age although circumstances may sometimes dictates that work be allocated to one sex or age, (Ronald, 2006). The animals that are kept by this community includes; horses which are used for riding more especially by men, donkeys which are used for simple transportation especially by kids and women, camels which are used for heavy transportation during migration, and dogs for guarding their herds during the night. Despite the fact that the community keeps a number of domestic animals, those of the greatest importance are the goats and sheep. Besides, the community also keeps poultry not for their eggs but specifically as source of meat. As mentioned above, the goats and sheep are highly valued by the Basseri more than any other animal specifically because of the milk, wool, meat and hides that they supply. It should be noted that in most cases, the animal products are consumed as soon as they are produced; although some may be preserved for future use, or as trade commodities. It is estimated that each and every household in the community owns about 120 goats and sheep and more than 8 donkeys. To some extent, trading can be considered as being one of the economic activities of the Basseri community. It is true that the community cannot produce all they need for themselves as they wander from place to place. Therefore, exchanging what they have for what they do not have is inevitable. Mostly, they trade with villagers and other communities who they encounter with on their way as they move from one place to another. Some of the goods which they trade in include; cash crops such as the dates and cotton, and other animal products, (Ronald, 2006). Moreover, they sometimes undertake animal hiring business in that they hire out their animals for transport. In exchange, they get from the villagers such goods as cereals for instance, barley which is one of their stable food. Other which they trade in includes craftsmanship products such as tent fixtures and some other household items. It should also be noted that when drought persisted for a long period, the Basseri are forced to r ent land from the villagers for grazing and water rights during migration period. Social Organization. Socially, this community is organized into small groups. The basic unit of social organization among the Basseri is known as the tent. Notably, a tent is a unit that is occupied mainly by a nuclear family. The tents in turn form the camp groups. Moreover, each and every tent represents a production as well as a consumption unit headed by a male individual. The occupants of tents act as political units which have rights over property within the community units, (Ronald, 2006). The combination of units to form a small herding groups whose combination depends on usefulness rather than kinship principles, is a common feature among the Basseri community. In the winter periods, a group of 3-6 tents of herding units form up small camps that are about 3-4 kilometers apart. Most of the historians assert that in the real sense, these camps form up the principal communities of the Basseri nomadic society. Kinship Among the Basseri, marriage is considered as being a very important social event that constitutes the entire household. It is a common thing that the authority to make marriage contracts lies on the hands of the head of the household or tent, (Khanam, 2008). Many a times, marriage takes between the ages of about seventeen and twenty for the female case but in males, it might happen at an older age. It is an obligation of the father to furnish his daughter with various items usually household items during the ceremony. To some extent, the father may also offer some animals such as goats and sheep to his son-in-law as an economic support to start his family. The obligation of the mothers of the couple is mainly to prepare a new home for the couple by entwining a new tent where the couple will be living after the marriage. Although the authority to make marriage contracts is within the powers of the head of a tent, the contract is in most cases presided over by a nontribal ritual specialist, or holy man, (Ronald, 2006). This contract is concluded by the bride-payments for the girl on top of the domestic tools she is expected to bring to her in-laws. According to this community, the newly married couples have equal rights as far as decision making is concerned. The two individuals sit down together and discuss on family issues and how they should raise their family in order to fit in the community. Beliefs and Values The Basseri are one of the Shia Muslims who adheres to the teachings of the Islam religion. However, some of them are not very much aware of the beliefs of Muslims, ceremonies and customs. This is so because they tend to differ from other Muslim over the events and divisions of the Muslim year, although sometimes they are influenced by other villagers who they encounter while in movement from one region to another, (Khanam, 2008). It has also been noted that they are not strict in observing some Islamic customs even though they are aware of them. For instance, this community rarely celebrates Islamic feasts. In fact, even the most common feasts of Ramadan and Moharram are observed by not many Basseri. When it comes to rituals, they are usually associated with the life cycle of the people more than the Islamic teachings, that is, from birth to death Gender relations As stated earlier, although the distribution of authority is fairly equal, men are considered as the head of their families once they start their families. A female can only be considered to be the head of her family if only she is a window, (Khanam, 2008). Work is also distributed in terms of sex. Female and children undertake domestic chore while men take care of the animals and provide security for their families. It is as well, the work of men to provide water and wood for the family. Sickness and Healing It is very rare for a Basseri to fall sick majorly because of the kind food they eat. Because of the kind of life they live, these people mostly take natural plants and animal products which help to boost their immunity system. However, the community has medicine-men who are specialists in treating the sick. In most cases these specialists uses natural medicine which they obtain from natural herbs. Social Change There are some remarkable changes that have been occurred among the Basseri community over time. This may be majorly due to the different people with different modes of cultures who they encounter in their migrations. Therefore, there are some things that they have copied from these communities and they have also influenced these communities in one way or another. For example, from the very beginning the community was known to be purely pastoralists who their needs were met from their animals, (Thomas, 2009). However, with time they have learnt to also plant some crops to supplement their diet and also as a source of food for their animals during the dry season. It is also argued that trading was never one of the economic activities among the Basseri people. They have only learnt this activity from other communities more especially the villagers who sometimes offer their pastures for the Basseri animals in exchange for animal products such as hides and milk. Unlike most of the nomadic communities more especially in the East Africa who were independent and autonomous, the Basseri formed the Khamseh Tribal Confederation which was also a part of the elite urban merchants. With time, this community have come to be independent in one way or another because of the decisions which they make which are generally based on the circumstances and also the needs that they have as per that time and not according to the requirements of the confederation. Arguably, there have been a lot of changes in the social structure of this community over time. It is important to note that inter-marriages in the community were never prohibited. As a result, a number of the Basseri community members have been assimilated by other communities majorly due to intermarriage, (Khanam, 2008). This has also led to the changing roles between the males and females. In the current times, it is normal for a woman to undertake what is considered as a mans job and vice versa. Political organization In this community, a centralized type of government is used in administration. A chief is the single leader of the Basseri who has supreme authority over the entire community, (Khanam, 2008). The functions of the chief includes; collection and storage of goods in the community, planning and directing how the community should take its production activities, and ensuring that the behavior of the people is as per the norms and beliefs of the community. The Basseri are grouped into smaller units called tribes or chiefdoms. The smaller groups are usually headed by a leader who is usually recognized by the chief. These tribes or chiefdoms forms the formal institutions that are used to unify the dispersed groups. According to this community, leadership depends on the lineage clans. This means that one becomes a leader if only his parents or clan comes from the leadership background. The chief draws his powers from the headmen (Katkhoda) who he sometimes, gives precious goods as gifts. The headmen are very influential people than any ordinary man because they are privileged to deal directly with the chief, (Thomas, 2009). These headmen come from the various political units (Tents). As mentioned early, leadership among the Basseri is hereditary. This explains why the son of the Basseri is always considered to be a Basseri even if his mother may be from a different tribe. As such, there is some kind of stratification of the society according to the different levels of power and prestige. In many nomadic communities, raiding is a very common phenomenon because they belief that all the animals belongs to them. However, among the Basseri community this is not the case. They prefer co-existing peacefully with their neighbors who they encounter as they wander from place to place. This explains why they prefer an arbitration mode of conflict resolution whenever there is a misunderstanding between either the community members or the community and another community. There are different modes of dealing with those who are found to have broken the code of behavior that is accepted in the community, (Khanam, 2008). This will include imposition of fines whereby the offender is supposed to pay a certain amount of agricultural products, and to the extreme one may be disowned by the community members, a decision which is made by the Chief who is the supreme authority in this community. Conclusion The Basseri community can be described from various viewpoints that are common in almost all the nomadic communities. For instance, almost all these communities have a similar form of political and social organization. However, due to the surrounding communities and the environment the community has come to change their life-styles in one way or another. This explains the various changes that have been observed in the Basseri community in the recent times.

Protein Thermal Stability Essay -- Scientific Research, Amino Acids

Proteins are organic polymers made up of chains of amino acids and are crucial material in many biological functions (Reece and others 2011). There are twenty basic amino acids, eight of which are essential to the adult human diet and must be consumed rather than synthesized inside the body. These essential amino acids are isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, lysine, valine, phenylalanine, methionine, and threonine, with an added requirement of histidine in the diet of children (Potter and Hotchkiss 1995). Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized from these, and all amino acids are used as monomers to construct proteins which perform numerous important functions in the body (Reece and others 2011). Most amino acids exist as isomers and are given a designation based on whether they rotate a plane of polarized light to the right or to the left, known as dextrorotatory â€Å"D† or levorotatory â€Å"L† isomers, respectively (Al-Holy and Rasco 2007). It should be noted that only L amino acids are used in protein synthesis (Weber and Miller 1981). The biological functions of proteins include increasing the rate of biochemical reactions in the form of enzymes, moving important substances to where they are needed in the form of transport proteins, regulating the body in the form of hormones, allowing the body to move in the form of contractile proteins, and providing support in the form of structural proteins (Reece and others 2011). In addition, proteins have a great deal of functionality in foods, including providing essential amino acids as well as energy, viscosity, texture, water holding capacity, foaming and emulsification properties, and allowing gel formation (Culbertson 2007). As mentioned above, essential amino acids provided by th... ... p. Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB. 2011. Campbell biology. 9th ed. San Francisco: Cummings-Pearson. 1263 p. Siegwein AM, Vodovotz Y, Fisher EL. 2011. Concentration of soy protein isolate affects starch-based confections’ texture, sensory, and storage properties. J Food Sci 76:E422-8. Sorgentini DA, Wagner JR, Anon MC. 1995. Effects of thermal treatment of soy protein isolate on the characteristics and structure-function relationship of soluble and insoluble fractions. J Agric Food Chem 43:2471-9. Thompson LD, Dinh T. 2009. Food proteins-protein isolation and thermal stability. FDSC 4303/5303 food chemistry laboratory manual. Lubbock, Tx.: Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences. Weber AL, Miller SL. 1981. Reasons for the occurrence of the twenty coded protein amino acids. J Molecular Evolution 17:273-84.

Review of Related Literature Essay

When you scroll down your playlist, do you encounter the word â€Å"Genre† on the list? Do you what does Genre mean? According to Dictionary.com (2005) it is a class or category of artistic endeavor having a particular form, content technique, or like: the genre of epic poetry; the genre of symphonic music. Genre has different categories; these include Blues, Classical, Country, Electronic, Folk, Jazz, New Age, Reggae and Rock. Gravell, D. (2011). We, Filipinos also have our own category. Do you what it is? Guessed it right, it’s OPM (Original Pilipino Music). OPM is anything that’s performed by a Filipino artist.There are also new genres that made their way on the year 2012. On the list are Drill, Trap, Hipster House, Ratchet, Queer Rap, Tumblr-wave and Sea punk. Wagner, D (2012) Yes, they have weird names. Artists tend to experiment and invent new genres so expect every year with sprouting genres of great differences. Who couldn’t make music without singers behind it? With their names, who wouldn’t know these male artists like Tinie Tempah, Taio Cruz, Wiz Khalifa, Pitbull, Akon, Justin Bieber, Eminem, Bruno Mars Enrique Inglesias and Usher? Ayaz, M. (2012) How about songstresses like Ke$ha, Jennifer Lopez, Beyonce, Adele, Britney Spears, Rihanna, Taylor Swift, Katy Perry, Shakira and Lady Gaga are they familiar? Ayaz, M. (2012) These noise makers paved their way to music industry and are now chart toppers including fresh names like One Direction, Cher Lloyd, David Choi, Jireh Lim and many more. I bet you can name songs made by mentioned artists. Since we are talking about music, what can music do to its listeners, majorly teenagers? It can only end up into 2 results, the good and the bad result. Looking on the bright side, it can connect two people of the same undertakings. An example of it is Eminem, a rapper. He usually tells his personal troubles by rapping it. People who listen to it and are stuck at the same situation can relate and the song itself can give hope to the listeners. On the other hand, it also has its negativities. For instances, rapper, Wiz Khalifa shares a song that depicts drugs and intercourse, without being aware that there are listeners with age groups below 13 it can influence them. It can give off the urge to use drugs and enlarge egos which is a bad thing. Whatever the message of the song, good or bad, it ends up to the listeners mind and affect them. Mariam, S. (2012) Besides Psychological effects, music has its health benefits. One of its benefits is pain management. Music is a perfect way to divert your attention to pain. Another one is that it can reduce stress. Listening to calm and soothing music can be a simple way to relieve stress. It can also boost ones immune system. Research shows that if one listens to opera music it can regulate peripheral immune system. If one listens jumpy and active music, it can be ones encouragement to do exercise. An example of this is when one listens to music and jives with the beat, exercise is already done. You think singing lullabies at night is childish, well think again. Music can promote sleep and sedatives especially that light and slow music. Getting sick of the same beat you hear all over again? Well, people have their ways to discover new music. According to Nielsen (2012) Radio is still the dominant way people discover music (48%)- followed by tips from our friends and relatives (10%), and YouTube (7%), but more teens listen to music through YouTube than any other source (64%) – followed by radio (56%) and iTunes (53%) and CDs (50%) – Due to the advancing technology, the use of internet, specifically the website YouTube, have been the big players when it comes to music sharing. Although a lot of complains from artists about YouTube being a fuel for piracy, it still continues its way as a website.

Narrative techniques of Charles Dickens in Oliver Twist and David Copperfield Essay

â€Å"Whatever I have tried to do in life, I have tried with all my heart to do it well; whatever I have devoted myself to, I have devoted myself completely; in great aims and in small I have always thoroughly been in earnest.† Charles Dickens. Charles Dickens is considered as one of the greatest writers of all times. His fluid language, the wise mind, the great writing technique, the sharp eye, made his works survive for more than 150 years. He is the author of more than twenty novels. All of them very appreciated from- book lovers- since the time they were written until nowadays and, with great chance that they will be read and appreciated in the centuries that will come. The purpose of this diploma thesis is the comparison of narrative techniques of â€Å"Oliver Twist† and â€Å"David Copperfield†. â€Å"Oliver Twist† belongs to the first years of Dickens’s literary works.1 It was very successful since its first edition but, the critics don’t list it as one of the most valuable works of Dickens.2 â€Å"David Copperfield† comes after twelve years of â€Å"Oliver Twist† and it is considered as one of the most achieved works of Charles Dickens. Dickens himself considers David as â€Å"his favorite child†.3 Speaking from the perspective of the narration, as the study will demonstrate, these two novels belong to different forms of narration. â€Å"Oliver Twist† is narrated by third person narrator. In construction is considered simpler than â€Å"David Copperfield†. The narrator of â€Å"David Copperfield† is David himself meaning that the story is told by the main hero. This typ e of narration is a first person narration. However I will discuss about this in more details during the thesis. 2. Biography of Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian period. Dickens enjoyed a wider popularity and fame than had any previous author during his lifetime, and he remains popular, having been responsible for some of English literature’s most iconic novels and characters4. He was born at Landport in Portsea on Friday, the seventh of February, 1812.5 Charles was the son of John, a clerk in the navy-pay office and Lady Elizabeth Barrow. From the early years of his childhood, he hade to face the life of hardships and difficulties due to his father’s failure in maintaining the family. At the age of twelve he had to quit school because his family was being held into debtor’s prison. When he was fifteen he became a clerk in a law firm and later worked as a newspaper reporter. He published his first fiction in 1836 – a series of character sketches called Sketches by Boz. The work was well-received, but its reception was nothing compared to the international acclaim he received with the publication of The Pickwick Papers in the following year. 6 After this early blush of success, Dickens took on the job as editor of Bentley’s Miscellany, a literary magazine in which a number of his early works were serialized, including Oliver Twist (1837-9) and Nicholas Nickleby (1838-9). He left to begin his own literary magazine, Master Humphrey’s Clock, in 1840, and over the next ten years published many of his most famous novels in serial form, including The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1), A Christmas Carol (1844), and David Copperfield (1849-50), perhaps the most autobiographical of all his novels. He made his first visit of USA in 1842. He had taken trips in other places like France, Italy and Switzerland but always returning to his home. His journeys abroad influenced him a lot in his work. Other works were serialized in Household Words between 1850 and 1859, which was then succeeded by All the Year Round, which he edited until his death in 1870, publishing such novels as A Tale of Two Cities (1859), Great Expectations (1860-1), and Our Mutual Friend (1864-5). A workaholic to the end, Dickens died of a stroke in 1870 after having penned a chapter of The Mystery of Edwin Drood, his final (and unfinished) novel, the previous day.7 Although Dickens is distingu ished for his great capability in writing fiction, in his bibliography are included also various poems. Some of them are8: A Child’s hymn, A fine Old English Gentelman, Lucy’s Song, The Ivy Green, Little Nell’s Funeral etc. Dickens has produced a great treasure for the British literature. His novels have challenged the time and today are still present to impress every book lover. 3. Oliver Twist 3.1. Plot 1 of the novel â€Å"Oliver Twist† is the second book of Charles Dickens. As in many of his novels, the author here also displays the difficulties of young children in the English society of XIX century. The story is about an orphan who has to live a life of hardships since the day he was born. When he is at the age of nine he works at a workhouse but after his promiscuous begging â€Å"Please sir, I want some more!† he is taken out the workhouse. After the work house he was hired to an undertaker but from the ill treatment that he undergoes there he is forced to escape. The poor child goes to London with the hope that things will get better in his life but there too he encounters many difficulties and meets people who want to take advantage of his innocence. However, the luck hasn’t completely abandoned him since he meets some good hearted people who take care of him and help him discover the mystery of his birth and find out who were his parents All the adventures of the book end happily. The bad guys pay their dues and the good ones find the tranquility and happiness. This is a very brief recount of the plot since the analysis will be focused in the narration and narrators point of view. 3.2. Narrative form From the first paragraph of the novel the reader can notice that the narrator speaks in third person: â€Å"Although I am not disposed to maintain that the being born in a workhouse, is in itself the most fortunate and enviable circumstance that can possibly befall a human being, I do mean to say that in this particular instance, it was the best thing for Oliver Twist that could by possibility have occurred. The fact is, that there was considerable difficulty in inducing Oliver to take upon himself the office of respiration,–a troublesome practice, but one which custom has rendered necessary to our easy existence; and for some time he lay gasping on a little flock mattress, rather unequally poised between this world and the  next: the balance being decidedly in favour of the latter.† (O.T.; Pg.4; Ch.I )9. A third person narration means that the story is recounted from someone outside the book, meaning that he/she is not a character in the book but, is able to â€Å"observe† the story from distance. To confirm this I will show some passages which the narrator uses to tell that he is the teller of the story: â€Å"That Oliver Twist was moved to resignation by the example of these good people, I cannot, although I am his biographer, undertake to affirm with any degree of confidence; but I can most distinctly say, that for many months he continued meekly to submit to the domination and ill-treatment of Noah Claypole.† (O.T.; Pg.37; Ch. VI)10 3.3. The influence of narrator in reader’s image Although the narrator is objective in most of his narration, when describing some characters he sides a little to influence the readers image about that character. When describing Noah Calypole his tone takes features of disgust and dislike. The narrator did this because his intention was to influence the reader’s opinion about the character: â€Å"With this, Mr. Claypole administered a kick to Oliver, and entered the shop with a dignified air, which did him great credit. It is difficult for a large-headed, small-eyed youth, of lumbering make and heavy countenance, to look dignified under any circumstances; but it is more especially so, when superadded to these personal attractions are a red nose and yellow smalls.† (O.T.; Pg. 29; Ch.V).11 This happens also when the reader is introduced with Fagin, Bill Sikes and all other evil characters. When the reader first meets Fagin besides the repulsive description of the character also the place where he lives appears as dirty and gloomy: â€Å"Oliver, groping his way with one hand, and having the other firmly grasped by his companion, ascended with much difficulty the dark and broken st airs: which his conductor mounted with an ease and expedition that showed he was well acquainted with them. He threw open the door of a back-room, and drew Oliver in after him. The walls and ceiling of the room were perfectly black with age and dirt. There was a deal table before the  fire: upon which were a candle, stuck in a ginger-beer bottle, two or three pewter pots, a loaf and butter, and a plate.†12 Influencing the readers image is a trick from narrators part that he also uses in order to make ground for the image the reader is about to create for a positive character.: When the narrator describes Mr. Bronlown he makes a very pleasant description of him. â€Å"The old gentleman was a very respectable-looking personage, with a powdered head and gold spectacles. He was dressed in a bottle-green coat with a black velvet collar; wore white trousers; and carried a smart bamboo cane under his arm.† (O.T. ;Pg.61;Ch.X).13 At some characters the narrator is a bit satirical. For example when he describes Mr. Bumble he is trying to make him look ridiculous in the reader’s eyes: â€Å"Now, Mr. Bumble was a fat man, and a choleric; so, instead of responding to this openhearted salutation in a kindred spirit, he gave the little wicket a tremendous shake, and then bestowed upon it a kick which could have emanated from no leg but a beadle’s.† ( O.T.; Pg.8; Ch.2).14 When the narrator refers to Billie Sikes, he in the beginning refers to him as â€Å"the man†. After Billie commits the burglary it is revealed what he does and after this the narrator refers to him as â€Å"the thief†. At the end when he murders Nancy the narrator addresses to him as â€Å"the murderer†. The narrator labels this character with the crimes that he makes. This seems to happen because the story teller wants to inform the reader exactly with the features of that personage. In order to mark the characters of Fagin, Billie, Artful Dodger, and all the other members of the gang as â€Å"the bad ones†, the narrator makes their language rude and informal. When the narrator constructs their dialogues he uses the street slang, so the characters appear uneducated and ignorant. There are passages where the story teller represents the innocence of Oliver by making the reader understand some situations that Oliver is not able to. â€Å" ‘Not so heavy as they might be,’ said the Jew, after looking at the insides carefully; ‘but very neat and nicely made. Ingenious workman, ain’t he, Oliver? ‘Very indeed, sir,’ said Oliver. At which Mr. Charles Bates laughed uproariously; very much to the amazement of Oliver, who saw nothing to laugh at, in anything that had passed.† (O.T. ; Pg.56; Ch.IX).15 3.4. Narrator’s point of view It is true that the hero of this book is a child and the story is constructed by the adventures that happen to him but, when Dickens wrote the book he also used it to show his points of view about the social live in England. At the beginning of the chapter II he describes the conditions that the parish children live. The reader can observe that his tone is very satirical but at the same time sad. He mocks with his satire the condition in which the Parish authorities lead the place. In the other hand he uses his language of sorrow when he describes how children suffer there. †The hungry and destitute situation of the infant orphan was duly reported by the workhouse authorities to the parish authorities. The parish authorities inquired with dignity of the workhouse authorities, whether there was no female then domiciled in ‘the house’ who was in a situation to impart to Oliver Twist, the consolation and nourishment of which he stood in need. The workhouse authorities replied with humility, that there was not.† (O.T. ; Pg.7; Ch.II).16 The narrator makes the reader notice the broken system of justice in Victorian England. Throughout the chapter XI are constructed scenes in which the author with his satirical humor r represents the dysfunction of court at that time in England. In â€Å"Oliver Twist† Dickens tries to fight the mentality of people who consider themselves above others 17.Dickens had suffered because of these kinds of people. And he speaks from his heart when he recounts the suffering of the little boy. In this novel, besides the interesting plot the reader can see the point of view and the concern of the narrator about many social problems that in reality were the point of view and the concern of Dickens himself. The critics don’t classify the novel amongst the most valuable works of Dickens but, it surely plays a great part in the success of the author as well known writer.18 4. David Copperfield 4.1. Quick analysis of the plot. â€Å"I am within three pages of the shore; and am strangely divided, as usual in such cases, between sorrow and joy. Oh, my dear Forster, if I were to say half of what Copperfield makes me feel to-night, how strangely, even to you, I should be turned inside out! I seem to be sending some part of myself into the Shadowy World.†19 I initiate the analysis of David Copperfield by these lines from the author himself, to demonstrate what his work meant to him. And this is not casual because Dickens, by Copperfield, has sent a part of his life to the readers. â€Å"David Copperfield† is regarded as an autobiographical book of Charles Dickens. His life and that of David have many similarities.20 His childhood of hardship, the work at wine house, later the work as reporter and in the end his life as a successful writer resemble very much the adventures of the main character in the novel. Despite these passages in â€Å"David Copperfield†, the author has also built some of the characters basing on people that really existed in his life. An example of this is Mr. Micawber who is a personification of Charles father (he also ended up in debtor’s prison), Dora who resembles Dickens’ first love etc. The domestic problems that Charles encountered during his lifetime are also disclosed in this novel. David Copperfield is considered one of Dickens’ most highly achieved works. He personally, in one of his Letter to John Forster states that: â€Å"David remains his favorite child†21 However â€Å"David Copperfield† is not just a pure autobiography. Alongside the facts that relate the life of the author with that of the main character, inside the book are discussed and treated many social problems of the Victorian England. This brief introduction of the plot serves only to have an idea about the novel because as I previously mentioned the theme of the thesis is the comparison of narration and the point of view of the narrator. 4.2. Narrative form To discuss about the narration I will start with the first lines of the novel. â€Å"Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show†22 These are the first lines of â€Å"David Copperfield† and those are the ones that intrigue the reader to continue his adventure with the book. However, despite the intriguing role, these lines also serve to show the reader who is telling the story. The story teller is the protagonist, a data which will be elaborated throughout this paper work When David recounts the story of his birth at the beginning of the novel he tells it as he heard it from others who were there at that moment. â€Å"To begin my life with the beginning of my life, I record that I was born (as I have been informed and believe) on a Friday, at twelve o’clock at night.†23 It is impossible for anyone to remember the moment of his/her one birth so the narrator begins the recount of his life from what he was told. But he uses the dialogue of Mrs. Coppe rfield and Miss Betsy to tell the story. The narrator does this improvisation of the situation to introduce the reader with stories that happened before he was born. The first chapter is constructed this way. In the second chapter David starts being conscious about his surroundings. â€Å"The first objects that assume a distinct presence before me, as I look far back, into the blank of my infancy, are my mother with her pretty hair and youthful shape, and Peggotty with no shape at all, and eyes so dark that they seemed to darken their whole neighbourhood in her face, and cheeks and arms so hard and red that I wondered the birds didn’t peck her in preference to apples.† (D.C. ; Pg. 20 Ch. II).24 Here are shown the first glimpses of narrators understanding of the world. However, we can notice a childish perspective from the narrator. This happens because the narrator tried to show to the reader exactly how he felt and thought at that time as a child. He narrates the story from the child’s point of view in order that the reader can understand better the character of David. When Dickens wrote the novel he was about thirty eight years old.25 However his tone of narration is different in the course of the novel. The tone is different in the sense of maturity of the narrator. Further one I will discus about this side of narration. As I noted previously, in the beginning the tone is very childish and his thoughts are those of a little boy. When the narrator wrote the novel he appears to be middle age man, still, he narrates the story from the eyes of a child. At the end of chapter XIV the tone of the narrator calms down a bit. The narrator creates this atmosphere to indicate that David’s hardships as a child are over and now he feels safe. By this tone of narration Charles wants to transmit to the reader that the live of David will take a new turn, probably a better turn. He is saying farewell to the difficulties of little David’s life. However new challenges expect him in the further chapters. With the passing of chapters the narrator/ David grows up and matures. This means that his capacity of thinking and analyzing things matures together with him. So in further chapters we find David more attentive and more aware about his surroundings. At the beginning of the novel he was presented to us a sm art child also, always paying attention to things, but now he has a sharper look toward things: â€Å"How miserable I was, when I lay down! How I thought and thought about my being poor, in Mr. Spenlow’s eyes; about my not being what I thought I was, when I proposed to Dora; about the chivalrous necessity of telling Dora what my worldly condition was, and releasing her from her engagement if she thought fit; about how I should contrive to live, during the long term of my articles, when I was earning nothing; about doing something to assist my aunt, and seeing no way of doing anything; about coming down to have no money in my pocket, and to wear a shabby coat, and to be able to carry Dora no little presents, and to ride no gallant greys, and to show myself in no agreeable light!† (D.C. ;Pg 470-;Ch. XXXV).26 After the death of Dora we can notice a more serious tone of the narrator. (D.C.; Ch. LIII). It is like the narrator is trying to say that this loss has opened a new vision for David to see how life really is, difficult and unfair. This loss makes him reflect and though the pain didn’t kill him made  him stronger, and stronger we will find him in the next chapters. 4.3. The building of the characters The narrator does not give his opinions about the character because by the way he describes them he lets the reader to have his/her one imagine about those characters. By the dialogue that Miss Betsey and Mrs. Copperfield have, it is possible for the reader to understand many details about these two characters. The reader creates the image of Mrs. Copperfield by the words she says and the decisions she makes. The narrator only shows the way he feels about her but doesn’t impose his feelings to the reader. This also happens when the reader meets Peggottty. The narrator introduces the reader only with the physical description of the character. To understand the personage better we have to pay attention to her thoughts and attitudes. However, the narrator does not behave the same with all characters. When David first meets Uriah his description takes tones of repulsiveness and disgust. It was quite as cadaverous as it had looked in the window, though in the grain of it there was that tinge of red which is sometimes to be observed in the skins of red-haired people. It belonged to a red-haired person – a youth of fifteen, as I take it now, but looking much older – whose hair was cropped as close as the closest stubble; who had hardly any eyebrows, and no eyelashes, and eyes of a red-brown, so unsheltered and unshaded, that I remember wondering how he went to sleep. He was high-shouldered and bony; dressed in decent black, with a white wisp of a neckcloth; buttoned up to the throat; and had a long, lank, skeleton hand, which particularly attracted my attention, as he stood at the pony’s head, rubbing his chin with it, and looking up at us in the chaise.(Pg. 20; Ch.XV).27 In the other hand the to ne of the narrator when he meets Agnes is very pleasant and is noticed a sort of admiration for her. On her face, I saw immediately the placid and sweet expression of the lady whose picture had looked at me downstairs. It seemed to my imagination as if the portrait had grown womanly, and the original remained a child. Although her face was quite bright and happy, there was a tranquillity about it, and about her – a quiet, good, calm spirit – that I never have forgotten; that I shall never forget. This was his little housekeeper, his daughter Agnes, Mr. Wickfield  said. (D.C.; Pg.213; Ch. XV).28 The author does this in order to influence the reader’s image about the characters features and what inform previously the reader what to expect form that character. 4.4. The placing of the narrator In about 900 pages of â€Å"David Copperfield† are shown also stories of other personages besides that of David. In order to continue telling the story in the first person, Dickens uses various maneuvers to make this possible. In cases when describing a situation where the narrator wasn’t present he uses the confession of another character. ‘On the last night, in the evening, she kissed me, and said: â€Å"If my baby should die too, Peggotty, please let them lay him in my arms, and bury us together.† (It was done; for the poor lamb lived but a day beyond her.) â€Å"Let my dearest boy go with us to our resting-place,† she said, â€Å"and tell him that his mother, when she lay here, blessed him not once, but a thousand times.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (D.C. ; Pg131 Ch. IX).29 He describes these situations by dialogue with him and that character. Another situation is when only a specific character tells the story and in some other passages David interferes in tha t narration by adding his impressions about that situation. In these situations the narrator also analyzes the event by his point of view. The reader can encounter some parts in the novel where the narrator is not involved in a situation but, for the sake of narration he â€Å"places† himself in that event as a spectator: â€Å"I said something to the effect that it was a lady whom I had seen before, in a few words, to my conductress; and had scarcely done so, when we heard her voice in the room, though not, from where we stood, what she was saying.† (D.C. ; Pg. 668; Ch. XLVII).30 In order to tell how Uriah Heep and Mr. Littimer ended up, Charles makes a smart move where he invents a visit to the prison where these two were paying for their crimes (Ch LX).  Another smart move of the narrator is as well the chapter when Mr. Peggotty visits David and recounts him how the emigrants are doing in the far land of Australia. The narrator â€Å"puts† the correspondence into Mr. Peggotty’s pocket  (D.C.; Ch. LXII). Due to this correspondence David is able to tell the story by his own words. In this way the narration though not about David, still remains in the first person. 4.5. Different approaches toward situations When analyzing his point of view about things that happened, there are different approaches from narrator’s part. From time to time, while rummaging into his past, the narrator reveals that he has the same feelings about a specific situation or person. â€Å"I fell at once into a solitary condition, – apart from all friendly notice, apart from the society of all other boys of my own age, apart from all companionship but my own spiritless thoughts, – which seems to cast its gloom upon this paper as I write. (D.C. ;Pg. 146; Ch. X).31 But, there are other parts in the book where the narrator now recounts the story with a different approach towards that situation from the moment when it occurred. It seems like the time has passed and the narrator’s attitude toward some things and ideas has changed, which is a natural thing to happen. â€Å"They did just what they liked with me; and wormed things out of me that I had no desire to tell, with a certainty I blush to think of, the more especially, as in my juvenile frankness, I took some credit to myself for being so confidential a nd felt that I was quite the patron of my two respectful entertainers.† (Pg. 243;Ch XVII).32 Being an autobiography the author has still some remembrances about how he felt when he witnessed some events. So, when he remembers the past he also describes the sensation that he experienced at that time. â€Å"There was a trembling upon her, that I can see now. The coldness of her hand when I touched it, I can feel yet.† (D.C. ; Pg. 413; Ch. XVV).33 It looks like he is living that moment and he is addressing it directly to the reader. At some passages the narrator laments some decisions that he took and now that he writes the story he has a different point of view about those decisions. I was a boyish husband as to years. † I had known the softening influence of no other sorrows or experiences than those recorded in these leaves. If I  did any wrong, as I may have done much, I did it in mistaken love, and in my want of wisdom. I write the exact truth. It would avail me nothing to extenuate it now.† ( D.C. ;Pg.602; Ch. XLIV).34 4.6. The revelation of the narrator The chapter â€Å"Tempest† is very important in the narrative sense. At the beginning the author states that the things that he is writing at this stage don’t have very much time that has occurred: â€Å"I now approach an event in my life, so indelible, so awful, so bound by an infinite variety of ties to all that has preceded it, in these pages, that, from the beginning of my narrative, I have seen it growing larger and larger as I advanced, like a great tower in a plain, and throwing its fore-cast shadow even on the incidents of my childish days.† (D.C. ;Pg. 731; Ch LV).35 Besides this fact, the narrator also confirms that this is the story of his life and he is approaching the end of his narration. Another detail in this chapter about the narration is that David places himself in the region where the tempest happened. This is a way of making possible the continuance of the narration in the first person: â€Å"We came to Ipswich – very late, having had to fight every inch of ground since we were ten miles out of London; and found a cluster of people in the market-place, who had risen from their beds in the night, fearful of falling chimneys.†36 Four chapters of the novel, called â€Å"Retrospect† are narrated in the present tense. It looks like he is living these moments at the time the he is writing. Those lines have something poetic in them. They flow like a river from narrator’s pen and the reader is the sea that receives them (D.C.chap. XVII, XLIII, LIII, LXIV). 5. Similarities between Oliver Twist and David Copperfield It is a failure to try to draw a parallel between the forms of narration of these two novels because, â€Å"Oliver Twist† and â€Å"David Copperfield† in the narrative form, are two contrary poles. â€Å"Oliver Twist† is recounted from the third person narrator whereas â€Å"David Copperfield† belongs to the first  person narrator. But, if we dig into the depths of the subjects, the reader can find many similarities, which represent the point of view of the narrator. Dickens lived in a time where the society in England had many disorders and inequalities. Some of them are discussed in both novels. In both novels the main characters are children. With the difficulties these characters are challenged, the narrator tries to present the difficult life that orphan children have to go through. By his satirical tone Dickens addresses his narration to the ear of authorities who were responsible for those children. But this was not only an appeal for the authorit ies who were responsible for those children but also for the society in general to be more attentive and show more compassion for those children. Dickens also represents the difficult conditions in which those children were obliged to work in order to survive. Dickens, with the portrait of these two characters, arouses the voice for the poor law about the children’s labor. He not only questions the poor law but, also puts a question mark whether the children should work at all. The atrocities that Oliver suffers in the undertakers shop and, the difficult job of David in the wine house illustrate Dickens concerns about that matter. Suffering in his flesh the life of hardships as a child, the author was really concerned about this. I can say that the author writes with personal references about this matter. The other subject that Dickens treats in both novels is (if I can name it like this) the immoral women. The moral of women was a delicate subject in the era of Victorian England but, Dickens finds a way to treat this matter with much careful in both novels. The author does not prejudice them, just the contrary he treats them as human beings and explains the reason why those women decided to take the path of immorality. In Oliver Twist the character of Nancy is indicated to be a prostitute. The narrator never states this but, indirectly, all the description of this girl can lead the reader to that conclusion. Even in these circumstances the author manages to have the Victorian’s reader attention without offending him or her. By the portrait of Nancy, the author explains the reason how some of these women have no choice but to take the life of sin. She was an orphan with no one to love or take care of her. To survive she had to do what she could. The character of Nancy is presen ted in both sides of the medal. She was  living a life of shame however, she shows her good heart when she tries to help Oliver escape. Anyway, although the narrator somehow justifies her decision and makes the reader pity her, he makes her pay for the live she led. And the best way to do this was by not letting her live anymore. In â€Å"David Copperfield† are two women who â€Å"torment† the society with their indecency. The first one is Emily who abandonees her fiancà © in order to climb the higher class of the society and become a lady. However, she shows her repentance from the beginning in her letter of goodbye. This way even though she committed an immorality she was not presented as a monstrous person. However in the end, the author convicts her with the isolated life in Australia and although she becomes a worthy member of society in the far land, she is destined to live alone. The second character is Martha. She is an orphan also and she falls into the life of sin. Just like Nancy in Oliver Twist the author never mentions the word to label her but, every reference to her leads that she is a prostitute. The author makes the reader feel sorry for her and maybe forgive her when she helps David find Emily. The author rewards her with a new life in Australia and a descent husband. Previously in the research I have mentioned the way in which the narrator describes the characters ( Pg. 6, 11). Since I have elaborated this above I will not deal in detail with it here. I will just show briefly that the form is the same in both novels. At some characters the narrator uses their dialogue to show their characteristics. In some cases the narrator uses his own thoughts to influence the reader’s image towards certain character. Dickens has used both methods in both novels so I can consider this as a similarity between these two objects of my research. Being written by the same author it is very probable that these two novels have much more in common besides the points which I have mentioned. However, they do not belong to the subject of my research. 6. Conclusion In this thesis I have tried to compare the base on which these two novels are constructed, the narration. These novels belong to two different narrations. â€Å"David Copperfield† is considered as a masterpiece whereas â€Å"Oliver Twist† is not so much distinguished. However, speaking in the plain of popularity they both are at the same level. Due to the images the narrator uses the reader feels sorry for the way Oliver was brought up. The famous expression that the hunger forces the poor boy to utter â€Å"Please sir, I want some more! â€Å", has the power to make a reader cry from compassion. Because of the fluid language with which the narrator pictures the beautiful landscapes, the reader runs from his reading place to those landscapes. The accurate description of characters and their smart construction of dialogues create in the reader’s mind a perfect image for each character. Narration is the essential column in the construction of a novel. It is the key to make the reader cry from sorrow, feel repulsive from the disgust or make him/her feel the fresh air of meadows and sense the odor of roses. Dickens had the talent to create all these effects in his novels but not only. Due to his kind and humble heart we are able to see the things from a poor little boy perspective and feel the irony with which he describes those people who look down on others. Because of Dickens’s sharp eye the reader is able to observe Uriah’s bad intentions. The city of London comes to our room because of his accurate description of it. Despite their different forms of narration Dickens in both of the novels has treated some similar subjects. In both novels are displayed the suffering of two boys in the conditions of Victorian England. The hard conditions in which children are allowed to work, the morality of women the function of courts are some of them. When I read these novels except the satisfactory function that the art of literature can give you, I was introduced to new horizons of thinking and analyzing things. During the research I have read many appreciations that critics have addressed to Dickens. And, after I read and analyzed some of his novels I could not do more but strongly agree with those critics. Bibliography 1. Dickens, Charles, Oliver Twist, Web-Books.com 2. Dickens, Charles, David Copperfield, Project Gutenberg (2006) 3. Forster, John, â€Å"The Life of Charles Dickens† Vol. I, Cambridge University Press (2011) 4. Forster, John, â€Å"The Life of Charles Dickens† Vol. II, Cambridge University Press (2011) 5. Chesterton, G., K. Appreciation and Criticism of the Works of Charles Dickens, Gutenberg Project